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Standards and Variation in Urban Speech is an examination and exploration of the aims and methods of sociolinguistic investigation, based on studies of Scottish urban speech. It criticially examines the implications of the notions 'vernacular', 'standard language', 'Received Pronunciation', 'social class', and 'linguistic insecurity'. Through a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods using examples from comedians' jokes, dialect poetry, formal and informal interviews, and personal narratives, the work illustrates the actual norms that speakers exemplify in various ways.

Scots language --- Urban dialects --- Variation --- Spoken Scots --- Standardization --- English language --- Dialectology --- Scotland --- English language, Scots --- Lallans language --- Lowland Scots language --- Scots English language --- Scottish language (Germanic) --- Germanic languages --- Dialects, Urban --- Urbanisms (Linguistics) --- Cities and towns --- Language and languages --- Languages in contact --- Sociolinguistics --- Spoken Scots. --- Variation. --- Standardization. --- Dialects --- Scots language - Variation --- Urban dialects - Scotland --- Scots language - Spoken Scots --- Scots language - Standardization

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Linguistics

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Attitude (Psychology) --- Language and education --- Scots language --- -Scots language --- -Social classes --- -English language, Scots --- Lallans language --- Lowland Scots language --- Scots English language --- Scottish language (Germanic) --- English language --- Germanic languages --- Class distinction --- Classes, Social --- Rank --- Caste --- Estates (Social orders) --- Social status --- Class consciousness --- Classism --- Social stratification --- Educational linguistics --- Education --- Language and languages --- Attitudes (Psychology) --- Psychology --- Public opinion --- Stereotypes (Social psychology) --- Dialects --- -Social aspects --- -Variation --- Glasgow (Scotland) --- -Social conditions --- Social classes --- Language and education. --- Social aspects --- Variation. --- Social conditions. --- English language, Scots --- Variation --- Glasgow --- Glaschu (Scotland) --- Glasgow (Strathclyde) --- Glasgo (Scotland)

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Linguistic Change and Generative Theory presents nine papers by leading scholars in the field of transformational linguistic theory. Dealing mostly with phonological change, the papers demonstrate that transformational theory has unique insights to contribute to historical linguistics. Contributors are Emmon Bach, Robert Harms, Charles-James Bailey, T. G. Bever, D. T. Langendoen, James Foley, William Labov, Robin Lakoff, Sanford Schane, Theo Vennemann, and Arnold Zwicky. Includes 16 line drawings, special charts and equations.

Linguistic change. --- Generative grammar. --- Generative grammar --- Linguistic change --- Grammar, Comparative and general --- Grammar, Generative --- Grammar, Transformational --- Grammar, Transformational generative --- Transformational generative grammar --- Transformational grammar --- Psycholinguistics --- Change, Linguistic --- Language change --- Historical linguistics --- Language and languages --- Derivation --- Linguistics