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Coverage includes JNB component classification, interrelationships, measurement references, and transfer functions Statistical techniques and signal processing theory for quantitatively understanding and modeling JNB and related components Jitter, noise, and BER: physical/mathematical foundations and statistical signal processing views Jitter separation methods in statistical distribution, time, and frequency domains Clock jitter in detail: phase, period, and cycle-to-cycle jitter, and key interrelationships among them PLL jitter in clock generation and clock recovery Jitter, noise, and SI mechanisms in high-speed link systems Quantitative modeling and analysis for jitter, noise, and SI Testing requirements and methods for links and systems Emerging trends in high-speed JNB and SI As data rates continue to accelerate, engineers encounter increasingly complex JNB and SI problems. In Jitter, Noise, and Signal Integrity at High-Speed, Dr. Li provides powerful new tools for solving these problems-quickly, efficiently, and reliably.

Telecommunication technology --- telecommunicatie --- Electronics --- signaalanalyse

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Explaining High Unemployment in ECCU Countries.

E-books

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Weighed down by population aging, slow economic growth, and high unemployment, National Insurance Schemes in the Caribbean are projected to run substantial deficits and deplete their assets in the next decades, raising the prospects of government intervention. With the region highly indebted, this paper quantifies the impact of three parametric reforms—freezing pension benefits for two years, raising the retirement age and increasing the contribution rate by one percentage point—that, if implemented, would put the pension schemes on a stronger financial footing. While the appropriate combination of reforms necessary to eliminate the actuarial deficits varies depending on each country’s circumstances, most countries need to undertake reforms now or risk even higher taxes, lower growth and unsustainable debt dynamics.

Old age pensions --- Retirement age --- Economic development --- E-books --- Development, Economic --- Economic growth --- Growth, Economic --- Economic policy --- Economics --- Statics and dynamics (Social sciences) --- Development economics --- Resource curse --- Age of retirement --- Pension age --- Age and employment --- Retirement, Mandatory --- Employees --- OASI (Old age and survivors insurance) --- Old age and survivors insurance --- Older people --- Retirement pensions --- Survivors' benefits (Old age pensions) --- Pensions --- Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Demography --- Social Security and Public Pensions --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- National Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs --- Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits --- Private Pensions --- Economics of the Elderly --- Economics of the Handicapped --- Non-labor Market Discrimination --- Retirement --- Retirement Policies --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Population & demography --- Labour --- income economics --- Aging --- Pension spending --- Income --- Expenditure --- Population and demographics --- National accounts --- Population aging --- Barbados --- Income economics

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This paper estimates the fiscal costs of population aging in Latin America and provides policy recommendations on reforms needed to make these costs manageable. Although Latin American societies are still younger than most advanced economies, like other emerging markets the region is already in a process of population aging that is expected to accelerate in the remainder of the century. This will directly affect fiscal sustainability by putting pressure on public pension and health care systems in the region that are already more burdened than, for example, in emerging Asia, a region with a similar demographic structure. A stylized cross-country exercise, drawing on demographic projections from the United Nations and methodologies developed by the IMF to derive public spending projections, is used to quantify long-term fiscal gaps generated by population aging in 18 Latin American countries. Several aspects of current pensions and health care systems in Latin Amer-ica make the region’s long-term fiscal positions particularly vulnerable to population aging.

Population aging --- Old age --- Fiscal policy --- Economic aspects --- Later life (Human life cycle) --- Senescence --- Adulthood --- Age --- Longevity --- Older people --- Aging of population --- Aging population --- Aging society --- Demographic aging --- Graying (Demography) --- Greying (Demography) --- Age distribution (Demography) --- Aging --- Demography --- Economics of the Elderly --- Economics of the Handicapped --- Expenditure --- Expenditures, Public --- Health care spending --- Income economics --- Labor --- Labour --- National Government Expenditures and Health --- Non-labor Market Discrimination --- Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits --- Pension spending --- Pensions --- Population & demography --- Population and demographics --- Private Pensions --- Public finance & taxation --- Public Finance --- Retirement Policies --- Retirement --- Social Security and Public Pensions --- Brazil

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The transition to a sustainable future in the Asia-Pacific region has global economic significance. Despite driving global growth in recent years, the region's heavy coal reliance led to significant greenhouse gas emissions. Meeting climate mitigation and adaptation needs in emerging and developing Asia requires investment of at least $1.1 trillion annually. Actual investment falls short by about $800 billion. Asia-Pacific’s environmental performance has also hampered its ability to tap into private flows from the fast-growing ESG asset class, keeping the cost of issuing sustainable debt instruments relatively high compared to other regions. This paper provides an overview of the climate finance ecosystem in countries in the Asia-Pacific region and presents strategies to mobilize climate finance for the region’s transition to a sustainable future. The paper identifies challenges, including gaps in the climate information architecture, policy conflicts, global complexities, and emphasizes the need for coordinated action involving governments, central banks, financial supervisors, the IMF, and other multilateral institutions. In particular, • Governments need to establish a well-defined climate strategy with strong institutional oversight and coordination to strengthen the framework on data, taxonomies, and disclosures. Fossil fuel subsidies should be phased out and carbon pricing schemes expanded to create fiscal space for sustainable investments. Strengthening macroeconomic management is essential to attract private capital. • Financial supervisors and central banks should coordinate across jurisdictions to promote global, interoperable disclosure standards, enhance climate risk analysis and reporting, and incorporate climate-related financial risks into prudential frameworks. Developing climate labels for sustainable investment funds and shifting the focus of ESG scores to better capture sustainability and climate impact would foster trust in the evaluations. The IMF can drive climate action by integrating discussions in surveillance activities and strengthening data and statistics—including through capacity building and peer learning—to develop common standards around climate risk measurement and analysis. The Resilience and Sustainability Trust could contribute to reducing financing gaps through its catalytic and reform supporting functions, while multilateral development banks could scale up grant financing and concessional lending, and where appropriate adopt risk-mitigating mechanisms to expand lending capacity. Cooperation among multilateral institutions is essential to align efforts and resources to achieve a balanced allocation between mitigation and adaptation lending.

Climate change --- Climate finance --- Climate policy --- Climate --- Climatic changes --- Comparative Studies of Countries --- Computer Programs: General --- Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology --- Economics --- Economywide Country Studies: Asia including Middle East --- Environment --- Environmental Conservation and Protection --- Environmental Economics --- Environmental Economics: General --- Environmental Economics: Government Policy --- Environmental policy & protocols --- Environmental Policy --- Environmental policy --- Global Warming --- Green finance / sustainable finance --- Greenhouse gas emissions --- Greenhouse gases --- International agencies --- International Agreements and Observance --- International Economics --- International institutions --- International organization --- International Organizations --- Natural Disasters and Their Management --- Political Economy --- Political economy --- Public Policy --- Renewable Resources and Conservation: Government Policy