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History of Europe --- anno 1700-1799 --- Agrarreform. --- Agricultural innovations --- Agricultural innovations. --- Agriculture --- Agriculture. --- Aufklärung. --- Enlightenment --- Enlightenment. --- Land reform --- Land reform. --- Rural conditions. --- Technischer Fortschritt. --- History --- 1700-1799. --- Europe --- Europe. --- Rural conditions

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The sales of goods and services are exposed to a significant number of risks, many of which are not within the control of the supplier. The highest of these risks and one that can have a catastrophic impact on the viability of a supplier, is the failure of a buyer to pay for the goods or services it has purchased. In today's challenged domestic and global economic climate, recognizing and managing future risks has become a priority for businesses. Losses attributed to non-payment of a trade debt or bankruptcy can and do occur regularly. Default rates vary by industry and country from year-to-year, and no industry or company is immune from trade credit risk. The essential value of trade credit insurance is that it provides not only peace of mind to the supplier, who can be assured that their trade is protected, but also valuable market intelligence on the financial viability of the supplier's customers, and, in the case of buyers in foreign countries, on any trading risks peculiar to those countries. As well as providing an insurance policy that matches the client's patterns of business, trade credit insurers will establish the level of cover that can reasonably be provided to the supplier for trade with each individual buyer, by analyzing the buyer's financial status, profitability, liquidity, size, sector, payment behavior and location.

Bankruptcy --- Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress --- Capital Markets --- Collateral --- Consumer Protection --- Credit Default Swaps --- Credit Insurance --- Debt Markets --- Emerging Markets --- Employment --- Factoring --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Crisis --- Financial Institutions --- Financial Sector --- Financial Services --- Housing --- Housing Finance --- Insolvency --- Insurance --- Insurance & Risk Mitigation --- Insurance Industry --- Letters of Credit --- Microinsurance --- Outsourcing --- Private Sector Development --- Profitability --- Reputation --- Risk Assessment --- Risk Management --- Savings --- Treaties

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Les historiens ont longtemps privilégié le facteur technique dans l’approche des révolutions industrielles. Dans cette logique monocausale, le progrès technique était assimilé à une succession d’inventions apparues dans des secteurs pionniers, moteurs de la croissance, entraînant le reste de l’économie, dite traditionnelle, dans son sillage. L’un des paradoxes de cette approche consistait à valoriser l’innovation tout en évitant d’interroger les pratiques inventives. La dynamique interne du progrès technique et les traits de génie des inventeurs tenaient lieu de modèles explicatifs. La remise en cause de ces approches suscite bien des interrogations de méthode. Comment repérer les formes de l’invention ordinaire, en cerner les acteurs ? Comment assigner une origine à des nouveautés dont l’antériorité se perd dans la mémoire commune ? Comment appréhender des savoirs pratiques instables et non codifiés que ne livrent pas les corpus constitués de sources ? Comment concilier les définitions construites de l’invention et de l’inventeur, les catégories déjà forgées par les institutions et le corps social, et les mentions informelles ou indirectes de l’invention ? Ces questions débordent l’écrit. Cet ouvrage, issu d’un colloque international tenu à Paris en 2003, élargit le concept de sources : au-delà des « sources-textes », il considère les dessins, les enregistrements sonores, les instruments et outils, les installations, les échantillons, les modèles, les prototypes, etc. Il propose une réflexion originale sur le statut des archives de l’invention, sur leur mode de production et sur les méthodologies mises en œuvre dans leur exploitation.

Research, Industrial --- Inventions --- Creative ability in technology --- Recherche industrielle --- Créativité en technologie --- History --- Histoire --- Medieval & Renaissance Studies --- archive --- invention --- industrialisation --- histoire