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In contributing to global climate change mitigation efforts as agreed in Paris in 2015, China has set a target of reducing the carbon dioxide intensity of gross domestic product by 60-65 percent in 2030 compared with 2005 levels. Using a dynamic computable general equilibrium model of China, this study analyzes the economic and greenhouse gas impacts of meeting those targets through carbon pricing. The study finds that the trajectory of carbon prices to achieve the target depends on several factors, including how the carbon price changes over time and how carbon revenue is recycled to the economy. The study finds that carbon pricing that starts at a lower rate and gradually rises until it achieves the intensity target would be more efficient than a carbon price that remains constant over time. Using carbon revenue to cut existing distortionary taxes reduces the impact on the growth of gross domestic product relative to lump-sum redistribution. Recycling carbon revenue through subsidies to renewables and other low-carbon energy sources also can meet the targets, but the impact on the growth of gross domestic product is larger than with the other policies considered.

Climate change economics --- Climate change mitigation and green house gases --- Energy --- Energy production and transportation --- Environment --- Macroeconomics and economic growth

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Accompanying CD-ROM contains appendices.--cf. label.

Air --- Pollution --- Economic aspects --- Government policy --- Health aspects --- ENVIRONMENT/General

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"Energy utilization, especially from fossil fuels, creates hidden costs in the form of pollution and environmental damages. The costs are well documented but are hidden in the sense that they occur outside the market, are not reflected in market prices, and are not taken into account by energy users. Double Dividend presents a novel method for designing environmental taxes that correct market prices so that they reflect the true cost of energy. The resulting revenue can be used in reducing the burden of the overall tax system and improving the performance of the economy, creating the double dividend of the title. The authors simulate the impact of environmental taxes on the U.S. economy using their Intertemporal General Equilibrium Model (IGEM). This highly innovative model incorporates expectations about future prices and policies. The model is estimated econometrically from an extensive 50-year dataset to incorporate the heterogeneity of producers and consumers. This approach generates confidence intervals for the outcomes of changes in economic policies, a new feature for models used in analyzing energy and environmental policies. These outcomes include the welfare impacts on individual households, distinguished by demographic characteristics, and for society as a whole, decomposed between efficiency and equity."--Publisher's website.

Environmental impact charges -- United States. --- Fiscal policy -- United States. --- Taxation -- United States. --- Environmental impact charges --- Taxation --- Fiscal policy --- Political Science --- Law, Politics & Government --- Public Finance --- E-books --- ECONOMICS/Environmental Economics --- ECONOMICS/Public Economics

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A standard practice in health economics that disadvantages prevention, "discounting" the value of future lives, may rest on weak empirical and moral grounds. And it is an "apocalyptic" religious tradition (Seventh-day Adventism) whose members have put some of the strongest and most effective priority on long-term prevention. Prevention vs. Treatment is distinctive in carefully clarifying the nature of the empirical and moral debates about the proper balance of prevention and treatment; the book pursues those debates from a wide range of perspectives, many not often heard from in health policy. Everyone knows the old adage, "an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure," but we seem not to live by it. In the Western world's health care it is commonly observed that prevention is underfunded while treatment attracts greater overall priority. This book explores this observation by examining the actual spending on prevention, the history of health policies and structural features that affect prevention's apparent relative lack of emphasis, the values that may justify priority for treatment or for prevention, and the religious and cultural traditions that have shaped the moral relationship between these two types of care. Economists, scholars of public health and preventive medicine, philosophers, lawyers, and religious ethicists contribute specific sophisticated discussions. Their descriptions and claims lean in various directions and are often surprising. For example, the imbalance between prevention and treatment may not be as great as is often thought, and we may be spending excessively on many preventive measures just as we do on treatments compelled by the felt demands of rescue.

Evidence-Based Medicine. --- Evidence-based medicine --- Evidence-based medicine. --- Gesundheitsvorsorge. --- Health Promotion. --- Medicine, Preventive --- Medicine, Preventive. --- Preventive Health Services. --- Preventive health services --- Preventive health services. --- Primary Prevention. --- Religion and Medicine. --- Therapeutics. --- Therapie. --- United States. --- preventie --- Disease prevention --- Diseases --- Prevention of disease --- Preventive medicine --- Pathology --- Preventive medicine physicians --- Public health --- EBM (Medicine) --- Evidence-based healthcare --- Clinical medicine --- Systematic reviews (Medical research) --- prévention --- Prevention --- Decision making