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Based on thorough and extensive research in German national and regional archives as well as the archives of the U.S. occupying forces, this book argues that marital status can define women's position and experience as surely as race, gender, sexual orientation, and class. Heineman finds that, while the war made the experience of single women a dramatic one, state activity was equally important. As a result, West German women continued to be defined in large part by their marital status. In contrast, by the time of reunification marital status had become far less significant in the lives of East German women. In October 1946, seven million more women than men lived in occupied Germany. In this study of unwed, divorced, widowed, and married women at work and at home across three political regimes, Elizabeth Heineman traces the transitions from early National Socialism through the war and on to the consolidation of democracy in the West and communism in the East.

Single women --- Marital status --- Social conditions --- History. --- Psychological aspects --- Spinsters --- Unmarried women --- Single people --- Women --- Marital condition --- Status, Marital --- Marriage --- Social status --- History --- Social conditions.

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Rape as a weapon of war --- War crimes --- War victims --- Women (International law). --- Women and war --- Women --- Women --- History. --- History. --- History. --- History. --- Crimes against --- History. --- Violence against --- History.

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Overview: Struggling to survive in post-World War II Germany, Beate Uhse (1919-2001)-a former Luftwaffe pilot, war widow, and young mother-turned to selling goods on the black market. A self-penned guide to the rhythm method found eager buyers and started Uhse on her path to becoming the world's largest erotica entrepreneur. Battling restrictive legislation, powerful churches, and conservative social mores, she built a mail-order business in the 1950s that sold condoms, sex aids, self-help books, and more. The following decades brought the world's first erotica shop, the legalization of pornography, the expansion of her business into eastern Germany, and web-based commerce. Uhse was only one of many erotica entrepreneurs who played a role in the social and sexual revolution accompanying Germany's transition from Nazism to liberal democracy. Tracing the activities of entrepreneurs, customers, government officials, and citizen-activists, Before Porn Was Legal brings to light the profound social, legal, and cultural changes that attended the growth of the erotica sector. Heineman's innovative readings of governmental and industry records, oral histories, and the erotica industry's products uncover the roots of today's sexual marketplace and reveal the indelible ways in which sexual expression and consumption have become intertwined.

Businesswomen --- Pornography --- Sex-oriented businesses --- Women-owned business enterprises --- History --- Uhse, Beate, --- Beate Uhse A.G.