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Experiences of magic and witchcraft in the early modern period have often been presented as extraordinary occurrences, when they were, from the perspective of people living during this period, part of a shared and very familiar cosmological outlook. By presenting a wide range of everyday supernatural experiences, from spirit-assisted treasure-hunting to magically-assisted recipes, this book will show the extent to which such incidents and the beliefs underlying them have common frames of reference and were accepted as legitimate, if unusual, occurrences or practices. Particularly important in this context is the integration of witchcraft. As the authors in this collection argue, witchcraft was more pervasive and often less threatening than many modern interpretations suggest. Magic was both mundane and mysterious in early modern Europe, and the witches who practiced it could be in many ways quite ordinary members of their communities. The vivid cases described in this volume should make the reader question how to distinguish the ordinary and extraordinary in the early modern experience and the extent to which those terms need to be redefined for an early modern context.
History of Europe --- History of civilization --- anno 1600-1699 --- anno 1400-1499 --- anno 1500-1599 --- Aberglaube. --- Alltag. --- Folklore. --- Magic --- Magic. --- Magisches Denken. --- Manners and customs. --- Occultism --- Occultism. --- History --- Europa. --- Europe --- Europe. --- Social life and customs.
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Demonology --- Folk literature --- Folklore --- Supernatural. --- Witchcraft --- History and criticism --- Supernatural --- History and criticism. --- History of Europe --- anno 1500-1799 --- Folklore - Europe. --- Folk literature - Europe - History and criticism. --- Witchcraft - Europe. --- Demonology - Europe. --- Folk literature - Europe - History and criticism --- Witchcraft - Europe --- Demonology - Europe
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History of France --- anno 1400-1499 --- anno 1500-1599 --- Burgundy
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Research has consistently found that income and wealth are not remade every generation but rather are closely linked to the income and wealth of past generations. This context is necessary to understand the current wealth differences between Black and white Americans. The difference in typical, or median, wealth between Black and white households has increased greatly since 1968. Certain factors, or determinants, have been demonstrated through research to greatly influence income or wealth. This report, part of a discussion paper series investigating the U.S. racial wealth gap, presents several iterations of a stylized model of wealth accumulation that reflect historical patterns in income and wealth shown in prior research. The aim is not to change how wealth disparities and wealth accumulation are researched but to change how they are presented and perceived. This report describes both broad determinants of wealth differences that apply to all individuals, regardless of race, and those factors, in particular, that contribute to Black-white wealth differences, such as inherited advantage, or how the path of wealth accumulation varies based on parental income and wealth; labor, credit, and housing market discrimination; other shocks and barriers; and different bequests. Although far from exhaustive, the model conveys not only the large gaps in Black and white wealth but also illustrates how these gaps could worsen over time.
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The National Guard Youth ChalleNGe program is a residential, quasi-military program for youths ages 16 to 18 who are experiencing difficulty in traditional high school. The objective of this research was to provide sites with a set of population benchmarks of individual outcomes with which to compare their cadets. The author develops these benchmarks using data from large public datasets and examining individuals who were similar to cadets. Rather than establish a control group and follow members over time, as is done in a randomized controlled trial, she instead devised a set of population averages that site directors can use as a reasonable comparison to their ChalleNGe participants at any time. The population averages are based on the outcomes of high school dropouts, high school dropouts who earned high school–equivalent credentials, and high school graduates who did not attend two- or four-year colleges. These groups represent the spectrum of selection from which cadets are pulled. The analysis compares these three groups around the time dropouts typically leave school and in the years following. Comparisons at these points can be thought of as at enrollment in ChalleNGe (the preprogram period) and after ChalleNGe is completed (the postprogram period), respectively. Site directors can use this report to compare their cadets to the typical teen who left high school without graduating and use key differences to help tailor their sites.
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The National Guard Youth ChalleNGe (ChalleNGe) program provides a positive intervention for youth ages 16 to 18 who are experiencing difficulty in traditional high school. The program includes 40 locations (sites) in 31 states and territories. About 250,000 young people have taken part in the ChalleNGe program, and nearly 190,000 have completed the program. ChalleNGe is a residential, quasi-military program. Participants, called cadets, spend five and a half months onsite in the Residential Phase, in which they are immersed in daily classes, exercise, and other activities. The next 12 months, in the Post-Residential Phase, cadets work with mentors who help them with school or job search and work. Many ChalleNGe sites are interested in providing additional job training during the Residential Phase but face space, budget, and personnel constraints. In this report, the authors provide background on the middle-skills labor market — the jobs for workers with more than a high school education but less than a bachelor's degree. They discuss which occupations are in the middle-skills labor market and the training and education required for those occupations. They then identify a set of occupations, which they call the goal occupations, that are high-paying, attainable, and growth-oriented. Using occupational characteristics, the authors identify a set of common skills shared among the goal occupations. The report is intended to provide background on the middle-skills labor market for sites interested in occupational training and describe how to incorporate skills that are common among good middle-skills occupations into the ChalleNGe curriculum.
Occupational training --- Youth with social disabilities --- School-to-work transition --- Vocational education --- Jeunes socialement défavorisés --- Transition école-travail --- Employment --- Travail --- United States. --- Vocational guidance.
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Esoteric sciences --- History of France --- anno 1600-1699 --- Ghosts --- Colin, Leonarde, --- Roy, Huguette, --- Ghosts - France - Dole. --- Colin, Leonarde, - 17th cent. - (Spirit) --- Roy, Huguette, - 17th cent.
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For seven weeks in late spring and early summer of 1628, a ghost haunted the modest dwelling of Huguette Roy and her husband in the small city of Dole in the Holy Roman Empire near the French border. Before and after giving birth to her third child, Huguette received visits twice daily from a young woman clothed in white who cleaned her house, eased her pains, and tended her newborn son. Only Huguette could see this apparition, and the haunting aroused curiosity and fear throughout her community. Soon after the spirit departed, a young man from Dole prepared a manuscript in colloquial French to recount Huguette’s experiences, the ghost’s demands, and the event’s orthodoxy. Translators Edwards and Sutch present this primary source in English to allow modern readers to view the spirituality, piety, and daily lives of ordinary people in early modern Europe.Transcription of the original French of Leonarde’s Ghost with editor’s notes in English, supplemental material [download pdf]
Ghosts --- Phantoms --- Specters --- Spectres --- Apparitions
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The National Guard Youth ChalleNGe program is a residential, quasi-military program for youth ages 16–18 who are experiencing difficulty in traditional high school. Participating states operate the program, which began in the mid-1990s, with supporting federal funds and oversight from state National Guard organizations. RAND's ongoing analysis of the ChalleNGe program has two primary objectives. The first is to gather and analyze existing data from each ChalleNGe site on an annual basis to support the program's yearly report to Congress. This RAND report, the third in a series of four annual reports, documents the progress of program participants (or "cadets") in 2017–2018. The second objective of this project is to identify longer-term metrics for the overall effectiveness of the program, including ones that will help determine how site-level differences influence program effectiveness. In addition to preparing this year's annual report, the RAND study team also undertook several analytic efforts that address components of the ChalleNGe program. These additional analytic efforts are intended to address gaps in data collection, particularly around long-term outcomes, and better understand program design and implementation issues (for instance, how to improve the mentoring component). This report includes a review of a few of the analytic efforts the study team developed over the past year in support of the ChalleNGe program, including a benchmarking analysis aimed at developing realistic goals and expectations for ChalleNGe participants.
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The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) increasingly seeks fixed-price contracts for Public Assistance expenditures to help communities rebuild after disaster. FEMA and those communities have large incentives to estimate costs correctly before contracts are signed. One challenge to providing an accurate estimate of construction costs is that the cost of rebuilding can be affected by the reconstruction effort itself. One way to account for such changes is to use a future price forecast (FPF) factor, which adjusts a project's cost estimate to account for overall price-level increases caused by a disaster. The purpose of this study was to help FEMA identify when to use an FPF. To carry out the study, the authors convened panels of experts to discuss scenarios of hypothetical disasters-in particular, how these disasters could affect local economies. They also tested a variety of community and disaster-related measures that might be predictive of large cost increases and explored the relationship between different types of skills and labor-mobility variables and disaster effects on construction costs. They then estimated how often disasters cause large increases in construction costs and identified criteria to use in determining when an FPF might be warranted. They also explored the implications of these criterion thresholds by estimating FPFs in some what-if scenarios.
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