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Energy industries --- Energy policy --- International economic relations. --- Petroleum industry and trade --- World politics --- Political aspects. --- Political aspects. --- United States --- Foreign relations

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339 --- 658.114Handel. Internationale economische betrekkingen. Wereldeconomie --binnenlandse als buitenlandse handel; zie ook {339.3} en {339.5} --- Forms of enterprise in general. Private businesses --- 658.114 --- Handel. Internationale economische betrekkingen. Wereldeconomie --binnenlandse als buitenlandse handel; zie ook {339.3} en {339.5} --- 339 Handel. Internationale economische betrekkingen. Wereldeconomie --binnenlandse als buitenlandse handel; zie ook {339.3} en {339.5} --- 658.114 Forms of enterprise in general. Private businesses --- Automobile industry and trade --- Commercial policy --- Competition, International --- International economic relations --- Semiconductor industry --- Strategic alliances (Business) --- Telecommunication --- Electric communication --- Mass communication --- Telecom --- Telecommunication industry --- Telecommunications --- Communication --- Information theory --- Telecommuting --- Alliances in business --- Business alliances, Strategic --- Corporate alliances --- Strategic business alliances --- Strategic corporate alliances --- Strategic partnerships (Business) --- Partnership --- Business networks --- Electronic industries --- Economic policy, Foreign --- Economic relations, Foreign --- Economics, International --- Foreign economic policy --- Foreign economic relations --- Interdependence of nations --- International economic policy --- International economics --- New international economic order --- Economic policy --- International relations --- Economic sanctions --- International competition --- World economics --- International trade --- War --- Foreign trade policy --- International trade policy --- Trade policy --- Automotive industry --- Motor vehicle industry --- Economic aspects --- Government policy

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Telecommunication services --- Mexico

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Investments in the US Science, Technology, Engineering, Medicine and Innovation (STEMI) enterprise come from many different sectors and their combined effect crucially enhances the nation's competitiveness. Philanthropy is an under-appreciated component of this ecosystem, providing $21.5 billion of research funding at universities and non-profits in 2021 or roughly 42% of the federal outlay at these institutions. In this paper, we argue that these decentralized and diverse set of philanthropic funders alter the incentives and behavior within the US research enterprise to make it more risk tolerant and more innovative than government or business funding alone would yield. It also enables significant innovation in the development of human capital in STEMI areas. We conclude with a comparison of the US research ecosystem to that of China to understand how the two systems differ, with a particular emphasis on the differentiating role that philanthropy may play in influencing the scientific and economic competitiveness of each nation.