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This book, based on the selected presentations given at the COST728 workshop, is concerned with the following main topics/chapters: 1. Urban morphology and databases, 2. Parameterisations of urban canopy, 3. Strategy for urbanization of different types of models, 4. Evaluation and city case studies / field studies. The chapters were concerned with dynamic (on wind and turbulent) and thermal effects (on temperature and energy in general). The final chapter of this volume summarizes the discussion and conclusions from the four main topics and provides recommendations and future requirements. The book is oriented towards numerical weather prediction and air quality modelling communities.

Air -- Pollution -- Mathematical models -- Congresses. --- Air quality -- Measurement -- Congresses. --- Urban climatology -- Congresses. --- Air quality --- Air --- Urban climatology --- Environmental Engineering --- Civil & Environmental Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Measurement --- Mathematical models --- Pollution --- Quality of air --- Quality --- Earth sciences. --- Meteorology. --- Atmospheric sciences. --- Regional planning. --- Urban planning. --- Earth Sciences. --- Atmospheric Sciences. --- Landscape/Regional and Urban Planning. --- Environmental Monitoring/Analysis. --- Climatology --- Mesoclimatology --- Urban heat island --- Environmental quality --- Monitoring/Environmental Analysis. --- Regional development --- Regional planning --- State planning --- Human settlements --- Land use --- Planning --- City planning --- Landscape protection --- Government policy --- Environmental monitoring. --- Biomonitoring (Ecology) --- Ecological monitoring --- Monitoring, Environmental --- Applied ecology --- Environmental engineering --- Cities and towns --- Civic planning --- Land use, Urban --- Model cities --- Redevelopment, Urban --- Slum clearance --- Town planning --- Urban design --- Urban development --- Urban planning --- Art, Municipal --- Civic improvement --- Urban policy --- Urban renewal --- Aerology --- Atmospheric science --- Atmospheric sciences --- Earth sciences --- Atmosphere --- Monitoring --- Management

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Most of practically-used turbulence closure models are based on the concept of downgra- ent transport. Accordingly the models express turbulent uxes of momentum and scalars as products of the mean gradient of the transported property and the corresponding turbulent transport coef cient (eddy viscosity, K , heat conductivity, K , or diffusivity, K ). Fol- M H D lowing Kolmogorov (1941), turbulent transport coef cients are taken to be proportional to the turbulent velocity scale, u , and length scale, l : T T K ? K ? K ? u l . (1) M H D T T 2 Usually u is identi ed with the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) per unit mass, E ,and K T is calculated from the TKE budget equation using the Kolmogorov closure for the TKE dissipation rate: ? ? E /t , (2) K K T where t ? l /u is the turbulent dissipation time scale. This approach is justi ed when it T T T is applied to neutral stability ows, where l can be taken to be proportional to the distance T from the nearest wall. However, this method encounters dif culties in strati ed ows (both stable and uns- ble). The turbulent Prandtl number Pr = K /K exhibits essential dependence on the T M H strati cation and cannot be considered as constant.

Nature protection --- Solar system --- Astrophysics --- Geodesy. Cartography --- Meteorology. Climatology --- Air pollution. Air purification --- Physical geography --- zonnestelsel --- astrofysica --- fotogrammetrie --- luchtverontreiniging --- klimatologie --- meteorologie --- planeten --- fysische geografie --- klimaatverandering

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This book, as the outcome of the COST-728/NetFAM workshop, focuses on the follow­ing main topics: 1) on-line coupled meteorology-chemistry modelling with two-way feedbacks, 2) off-line coupled modelling and interfaces, 3) validation and case studies including air quality related episodes, and 4) integration of atmospheric chemical transport (ACT) models with numerical weather prediction (NWP). This book is one of the first attempts to give an overall look on such integrated meso-meteorology and chemistry modelling approach. It reviews the current situation with the on-line and off-line coupling of mesoscale meteorological and ACT models worldwide as well as discusses advantages and shortcomings, best practices, and gives recommendations for on-line and off-line coupling of NWP and ACT models, implementation strategy for different feedback mechanisms, direct and indirect effects of aerosols and advanced interfaces between both types of models. The book is oriented towards numerical weather prediction and air quality modelling communities.

Nature protection --- Meteorology. Climatology --- Air pollution. Air purification --- luchtverontreiniging --- klimatologie --- meteorologie

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Most of practically-used turbulence closure models are based on the concept of downgra- ent transport. Accordingly the models express turbulent uxes of momentum and scalars as products of the mean gradient of the transported property and the corresponding turbulent transport coef cient (eddy viscosity, K , heat conductivity, K , or diffusivity, K ). Fol- M H D lowing Kolmogorov (1941), turbulent transport coef cients are taken to be proportional to the turbulent velocity scale, u , and length scale, l : T T K ? K ? K ? u l . (1) M H D T T 2 Usually u is identi ed with the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) per unit mass, E ,and K T is calculated from the TKE budget equation using the Kolmogorov closure for the TKE dissipation rate: ? ? E /t , (2) K K T where t ? l /u is the turbulent dissipation time scale. This approach is justi ed when it T T T is applied to neutral stability ows, where l can be taken to be proportional to the distance T from the nearest wall. However, this method encounters dif culties in strati ed ows (both stable and uns- ble). The turbulent Prandtl number Pr = K /K exhibits essential dependence on the T M H strati cation and cannot be considered as constant.

Boundary layer (Meteorology) --- Atmospheric circulation --- Climatology --- Mathematical models --- Atmosphere, Lower --- Atmospheric boundary layer --- Friction layer (Meteorology) --- Ground layer (Meteorology) --- Lower atmosphere --- Planetary boundary layer --- Surface boundary layer --- Surface layer (Meteorology) --- Atmosphere --- Climate --- Climate science --- Science of climate --- Meteorology --- Atmospheric motion --- Wind circulation --- Grosswetterlagen --- Stratospheric circulation --- Winds --- Climate sciences --- Atmospheric science --- Environmental protection. --- Climatic changes. --- Planetology. --- Physical geography. --- Atmospheric Sciences. --- Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution. --- Climate Change. --- Remote Sensing/Photogrammetry. --- Physical Geography. --- Geography --- Planetary sciences --- Planetology --- Changes, Climatic --- Changes in climate --- Climate change --- Climate change science --- Climate changes --- Climate variations --- Climatic change --- Climatic changes --- Climatic fluctuations --- Climatic variations --- Global climate changes --- Global climatic changes --- Climate change mitigation --- Teleconnections (Climatology) --- Environmental quality management --- Protection of environment --- Environmental sciences --- Applied ecology --- Environmental engineering --- Environmental policy --- Environmental quality --- Environmental aspects --- Atmospheric sciences. --- Air pollution. --- Climate change. --- Remote sensing. --- Remote-sensing imagery --- Remote sensing systems --- Remote terrain sensing --- Sensing, Remote --- Terrain sensing, Remote --- Aerial photogrammetry --- Aerospace telemetry --- Detectors --- Space optics --- Air --- Air contaminants --- Air pollutants --- Air pollution --- Air pollution control --- Air toxics --- Airborne pollutants --- Contaminants, Air --- Control of air pollution --- Pollutants, Air --- Toxics, Air --- Pollution --- Air quality --- Atmospheric deposition --- Atmospheric sciences --- Earth sciences --- Control --- Global environmental change