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This open access book have three themes have been central to Leydesdorff's research: (1) the dynamics of science, technology, and innovation; (2) the scientometric operationalization of these concept; and (3) the elaboration in terms of a Triple Helix of university-industry-government relations. In this study, I discuss the relations among these themes. Using Luhmann's social-systems theory for modelling meaning processing and Shannon's theory for information processing, I show that synergy can add new options to an innovation system as redundancy. The capacity to develop new options is more important for innovation than past performance. Entertaining a model of possible future states makes a knowledge-based system increasingly anticipatory. The trade-off between the incursion of future states on the historical developments can be measured using the Triple-Helix synergy indicator. This is shown, for example, for the Italian national and regional systems of innovation.

Sociology—Research. --- Sociology. --- Communication. --- Market research. --- Semantics. --- Research Methodology. --- Knowledge - Discourse. --- Communication Studies. --- Market Research/Competitive Intelligence. --- Formal semantics --- Semasiology --- Semiology (Semantics) --- Comparative linguistics --- Information theory --- Language and languages --- Lexicology --- Meaning (Psychology) --- Market research --- Marketing --- Markets --- Research --- Research, Industrial --- Communication, Primitive --- Mass communication --- Sociology --- Social theory --- Social sciences --- Research Methodology --- Knowledge - Discourse --- Communication Studies --- Market Research/Competitive Intelligence --- Semantics --- Sociological Methods --- Biotechnology --- Media and Communication --- Linguistics --- Triple-Helix synergy --- A calculus of redundancy --- horizons of meaning --- anticipatory systems --- operationalisation and measurement --- neo-evolutionary --- social-systems theory --- entropy statistics --- open access --- Social research & statistics --- Semantics, discourse analysis, stylistics