TY - BOOK ID - 61157094 TI - Protection Strategy against Spruce Budworm PY - 2020 SN - 303928097X 3039280961 PB - MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute DB - UniCat KW - pheromone mating disruption KW - spruce budworm KW - insecticide application KW - multi-spectral remote sensing KW - simulation KW - apparent fecundity KW - Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) KW - Pinaceae KW - Choristoneura fumiferana KW - circadian rhythm KW - forest protection KW - early intervention strategy KW - insect population management KW - moth KW - survival KW - Phialocephala scopiformis KW - moths KW - optimized treatment design KW - spatial-temporal patterns KW - monitoring KW - modelling KW - science communication KW - decision support system KW - population control KW - area-wide management KW - tortricidae KW - insect susceptibility KW - egg recruitment KW - annual defoliation KW - treatment threshold KW - Maine KW - dispersal KW - growth rate KW - forest pests KW - Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) KW - mixed effect models KW - intertree variance KW - endophytic fungi KW - Acadian region KW - insecticides KW - defoliation KW - Abies balsamea KW - Picea glauca KW - immigration KW - defoliation prediction KW - early intervention KW - Quebec KW - phenology KW - aerobiology KW - economic losses KW - spatial autocorrelation KW - foliage protection KW - computable general equilibrium model KW - economic and ecological cost: benefit analyses KW - hardwood content KW - plant tolerance KW - Lepidoptera KW - migration UR - https://www.unicat.be/uniCat?func=search&query=sysid:61157094 AB - Spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)) outbreaks are a dominant natural disturbance in the forests of Canada and northeastern USA. Widespread, severe defoliation by this native insect results in large-scale mortality and growth reductions of spruce (Picea sp.) and balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) forests, and largely determines future age–class structure and productivity. The last major spruce budworm outbreak defoliated over 58 million hectares in the 1970s–1980s, and caused 32–43 million m3/year of timber volume losses from 1978 to 1987, in Canada. Management to deal with spruce budworm outbreaks has emphasized forest protection, spraying registered insecticides to prevent defoliation and keep trees alive. Other tactics can include salvage harvesting, altering harvest schedules to remove the most susceptible stands, or reducing future susceptibility by planting or thinning. Chemical insecticides are no longer used, and protection strategies use biological insecticides Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) or tebufenozide, a specific insect growth regulator. Over the last five years, a $30 million research project has tested another possible management tactic, termed an ‘early intervention strategy’, aimed at area-wide management of spruce budworm populations. This includes intensive monitoring to detect ‘hot spots’ of rising budworm populations before defoliation occurs, targeted insecticide treatment to prevent spread, and detailed research into target and non-target insect effects. The objective of this Special Issue is to compile the most recent research on protection strategies against spruce budworm. A series of papers will describe results and prospects for the use of an early intervention strategy in spruce budworm and other insect management. ER -