TY - BOOK ID - 142374084 TI - International norm disputes : The link between contestation and norm robustness AU - Zimmermann, Lisbeth AU - Deitelhoff, Nicole AU - Lesch, Max AU - Arcudi, Antonio AU - Peez, Anton PY - 2023 SN - 9780198873235 PB - Oxford : Oxford University Press, DB - UniCat KW - Jus cogens (International law) KW - Jus cogens KW - International relations. KW - Relations internationales. KW - Rule of law KW - Règle de droit KW - Dispute resolution (Law) KW - Règlement de conflits KW - Torture KW - Slave trade KW - Traites des esclaves KW - Responsibility to protect (International law) KW - Responsabilité de protéger (Droit international) KW - History KW - Histoire UR - https://www.unicat.be/uniCat?func=search&query=sysid:142374084 AB - "The international prohibition on torture is a non-derogable, absolute human right enshrined in several treaties as well as in international humanitarian and criminal law. In this chapter, we show that applicatory contestation was common in the 1970s, 1990s, and early 2000s when Chile, the United Kingdom, Israel, and the US responded to international charges of torture. Its application remained contested even after the norm was further legalized, including through a quite precise definition of torture. The rare validity contestations, some of which argued for exceptions from the norm, were curbed and the norm remained robust. Compliance with and criticism of violations of this norm remain constant. There is also increasing concordance with and implementation of the norm. Even against the powerful US challenge, the norm remained robust because it is embedded in human rights and humanitarian law norm clusters and protected by international institutions that mediate disputes over the norm"-- ER -