TY - BOOK ID - 133456175 TI - Advances in DNA Vaccines AU - Isaguliants, Maria AU - Ljungberg, Karl PY - 2021 PB - Basel, Switzerland MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute DB - UniCat KW - Medicine KW - Epidemiology & medical statistics KW - alphaviruses KW - layered RNA/DNA vectors KW - DNA vaccines KW - RNA replicons KW - recombinant particles KW - tumor regression KW - protection against tumor challenges and infectious agents KW - ebola virus disease KW - artificial T-cell antigens KW - DNA vaccine constructs KW - computer design KW - gene expression KW - immunogenicity KW - DNA vaccine KW - mRNA vaccine KW - plasmid DNA KW - in vitro transcribed mRNA KW - immune responses KW - formulations KW - Cytolytic T Lymphocytes KW - antibodies KW - innate immunity KW - adjuvants KW - vaccine delivery KW - plasmid KW - cytolytic KW - perforin KW - bicistronic KW - HCV KW - HIV KW - IL-36 KW - adjuvant KW - DNA KW - Zika KW - Epstein-Barr virus KW - latent proteins KW - LMP2 KW - EBNA1 KW - LMP1 KW - HIV-1 KW - enhancer element KW - circovirus KW - influenza KW - immunization KW - intranasal KW - lipid KW - flagellin KW - BCG KW - vaccine KW - rBCG KW - HTI KW - T-cell KW - AIDS KW - clinical trial KW - therapeutic vaccine KW - hepatitis C virus (HCV) KW - mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) KW - modified MSC KW - DNA immunization KW - nonstructural HCV proteins KW - immune response KW - HCV vaccine KW - myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) KW - n/a UR - https://www.unicat.be/uniCat?func=search&query=sysid:133456175 AB - DNA is a rapidly developing vaccine platform for cancer and infectious and non-infectious diseases. Plasmids are used as immunogens to encode proteins to be further synthesized in vaccine recipients. DNA is mainly synthetic, ensuring enhanced expression in the cells of vaccine recipients (mostly mammalians). Their introduction into the host induces antibody and cellular responses. The latter are often more pronounced, and mimic the events occurring in infection, especially viral. There are a few distinct ways in which the vaccine antigen can be processed and presented, which determine the resulting immune response and which can be manipulated. Routinely, the antigen synthesized within the host cell is processed by proteasome, loaded onto, and presented in a complex with MHC I molecules. Processing can be re-routed to the lysosome, or immunogen can be secreted for further presentation in a complex with MHC II. Apart from expression, vaccination efficacy depends on DNA delivery. DNA immunogens are generally administered by intramuscular or intradermal injections, usually followed by electroporation, which enhances delivery 1000-fold. Other techniques are also used, such as noninvasive introduction by biojectors, skin applications with plasters and microneedles/chips, sonication, magnetofection, and even tattooing. An intense debate regarding the pros and cons of different routes of delivery is ongoing. A number of studies have compared the effect of delivery methods at the level of immunogen expression, and the magnitude and specificity of the resulting immune response. According to some, the delivery route determines immunogenic performance; according to others, it can modulate the level of response, but not its specificity or polarity. The progress of research aiming at the optimization of DNA vaccine design, delivery, and immunogenic performance has led to a marked increase in their efficacy in large species and humans. New DNA vaccines for use in the treatment of infectious diseases, cancer, allergies, and autoimmunity are forthcoming. This Special Issue covers various aspects of DNA vaccine development. ER -