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"A compact and accessible guidebook exploring current understanding of common bacterial and fungal pathogens of animals. Fundamentals of Veterinary Microbiology brings together knowledge and understanding of the bacterial pathogens of animals from disease signs and diagnostic methods to the molecular basis of the host pathogen interaction. A small but focused book, it enables the reader to access important information during diagnosis and treatment in a clinically relevant way. Suitable as a companion for study on the subject and for professional use, the author focuses on the more clinically common diseases at the general and first-referral level. Divided into three sections, the first covers the basics of bacterial microbiology such as structure, growth and genetics. The second examines the commonly encountered bacterial pathogens, with emphasis on current understanding of the cellular and molecular basis of infection and immunity. The third section explores the current state of knowledge of those"--
Microbiological Phenomena. --- Animal Diseases --- Animal Population Groups --- Host-Pathogen Interactions --- Microbiologie vétérinaire. --- microbiology. --- microbiology. --- physiology.
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This book offers a comprehensive overview of current debates on the influence of the Olympic Games on cities, urban policies and the governance of global cities, making a valuable contribution to the fields of Olympic studies and urban studies. Historically, Western cities such as Paris, London, and later Los Angeles, have been the primary hosts of the summer Games. However, the link that existed between the world metropolises of the last century and the Games has deeply changed. Growing concerns about the Games' costs and environmental impact have prompted a shift in the expectations of candidate cities and the International Olympic Committee (IOC). This evolution favours more modest bids, and a resurgence of global cities and historical Olympic host cities within the Olympic landscape. This book is an essential resource for researchers in Olympic studies, urban studies, and all those involved in the planning of these events. Alexandre Faure is Associate Researcher at the France-Japan Foundation of the EHESS. His research focuses on the study and analysis of the influence of the Olympic Games on cities, as well as on the link between global cities and the Olympic Games. .
Olympic host city selection. --- Olympics --- Planning. --- Human geography. --- Urban policy. --- Sports --- Political science. --- Globalization. --- Human Geography. --- Urban Policy. --- Sport Sociology. --- Political Science. --- Sport History. --- Sociological aspects. --- History.
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Exchanges of microorganisms frequently occur between wild and cultivated plant populations, with the natural compartment significantly influencing pathogenic epidemics in crops. Wild populations comprise various plant species from different families, including some invasive species, which can harbour plant viruses. Most of these viruses are asymptomatic in wild plants due to long-term virus-host coevolution but they could be more virulent in crops or in mixed-infection with other viruses. This master thesis explored the diversity and ecology of viruses infecting Asteraceae family, with a specific focus on invasive goldenrods, particularly Solidago canadensis and Solidago gigantea originated from North America and present in Belgium since the 1860s. To achieve this principal objective, the host range of Verbena latent virus (VeLV, Carlavirus, Betaflexiviridae), a virus newly identified as infecting goldenrod, the virus range of goldenrods, the prevalence of four viruses [VeLV, two novel Genomoviridae (GV1 and GV2) and one novel Tombusviridae (TV)] in Belgian goldenrods were investigated through bioinformatics, two-year field surveys and mechanical inoculation. Bioinformatic analyses allowed to discover a putative novel host of VeLV that is the common sneezeweed Helenium autumnale L. (Asteraceae), as well as a putative novel Carlavirus species close to potato virus H isolated from Tetraena mongolica Maxim. (Zygophyllaceae). Data mining of Solidago sp. revealed two new putative partitiviruses (belonging to Alphapartitivirus and Deltapartitivirus genera) in Solidago canadensis and one new alphaendornavirus in S. decurrens. In further analyses, genomes of these putative novel virus species should be annotated and their biology knowledge deepened. During the 2024 survey, the high prevalence of VeLV was confirmed in the site first identified in 2023 as containing VeLV, suggesting that goldenrods could act as a reservoir for this virus. For the three other viruses (GV1, GV2 and TV), following 2023 results, three sites and three subsites were sampled to study viral prevalence. GV1 and GV2, a priori identified as belonging to Gemycircularvirus genus presented different patterns of distribution within and among sites suggesting a difference of transmission pathways between the two viruses. Moreover, the GV1 did not seem to be present in woody environments and showed contrasted prevalences between sites with large and small populations of goldenrods. This could be related to the sampling frequency or goldenrod density. The novel tombusvirus (TV) was identified in 2023 but not in 2024 in the same site, suggesting its very low prevalence in Solidago population. However, to properly correlate field observations to prevalence patterns of these viruses more fields and plants should be investigated. Mechanical transmission assays conducted for VeLV did not work for any of the tested plants. This observation could be attributed to issues with the inoculation process or with the virus to be mechanically transmitted. To potentially obtain more successful results, alternative transmission methods, such as vector-mediated transmission or other mechanical inoculation using antioxidants, reactivation on the virus on tobacco and optimized environmental conditions could be investigated. To conclude, this master thesis paved the way for understanding the viral diversity in invasive goldenrods and it highlighted the complexity of studying plant viruses within dynamic ecosystems. Finally, this research outlined pathways for further analyses to fully understand the impact of invasive species in viral ecology. Des échanges de microorganismes se produisent fréquemment entre les populations de plantes sauvages et cultivées, le compartiment naturel influençant de manière significative les épidémies dans les cultures. Les populations sauvages comprennent diverses espèces de plantes provenant de différentes familles, y compris des espèces invasives, pouvant porter un ensemble de virus. La plupart de ces virus sont asymptomatiques chez les plantes sauvages en raison de la coévolution à long terme entre le virus et l'hôte, mais ils pourraient être plus virulents dans les cultures ou lors d'infections mixtes avec d'autres virus. Ce Travail de Fin d’Etudes a exploré la diversité et l'écologie des virus infectant la famille des Asteraceae, en se concentrant spécifiquement sur les solidages invasifs, en particulier Solidago canadensis et Solidago gigantea, originaires d'Amérique du Nord et présents en Belgique depuis les années 1860. Pour atteindre cet objectif principal, la gamme d'hôtes du Verbena latent virus (VeLV, Carlavirus, Betaflexiviridae), un virus nouvellement identifié comme infectant le solidage, la gamme de virus du solidage, la prévalence de quatre virus [VeLV, deux nouveaux Genomoviridae (GV1 et GV2) et un nouveau Tombusviridae (TV)] dans les solidages belges ont été étudiés par bioinformatique, par des études de terrain sur deux ans et par inoculation mécanique. Les analyses bioinformatiques ont permis de découvrir un nouvel hôte potentiel du VeLV qui est l’hélénie d’automne, Helenium autumnale L. (Asteraceae), ainsi qu'une nouvelle espèce potentielle du genre Carlavirus proche du virus H de la pomme de terre isolée de Tetraena mongolica Maxim. (Zygophyllaceae). L’exploration des données de Solidago sp. a révélé deux nouveaux potentiels partitivirus (appartenant aux genres Alphapartitivirus et Deltapartitivirus) dans Solidago canadensis et un nouvel alphaendornavirus dans S. decurrens. Par la suite, ces nouveaux génomes devraient être annotés et la connaissance biologique de ces potentiels nouveaux virus devrait être approfondie. La haute prévalence du VeLV a été confirmée lors du relevé de 2024 sur le site où il avait d’abord été identifié en 2023 suggérant que le solidage pourrait être un réservoir de ce virus. Pour les trois autres virus (GV1, GV2 et TV), suite aux résultats de 2023, trois sites et trois sous-sites ont été échantillonnés pour étudier leur prévalence. GV1 et GV2, a priori appartenant au genre Gemycircularvirus, ont présenté des schémas de distribution différents entre et au sein des sites, suggérant des voies de transmission distinctes. De plus, GV1 ne semblait pas présent dans les environnements boisés et montrait une prévalence contrastée entre les sites avec grandes et petites populations de solidages. Cela pourrait être lié à la fréquence d'échantillonnage ou à la densité de solidages. Le nouveau tombusvirus (TV) a été identifié en 2023 mais non détecté en 2024 sur le même site, suggérant une prévalence très faible dans les populations de Solidago. Cependant, pour corréler correctement les observations de terrain et la prévalence de ces virus, il est nécessaire d'examiner davantage de champs et de plantes. Les tests de transmission mécanique réalisés pour le VeLV n'ont fonctionné pour aucune des plantes testées. Cette observation pourrait être attribuée à des problèmes liés au processus d'inoculation ou à des difficultés à transmettre le virus mécaniquement. Pour obtenir des résultats plus probants, d'autres méthodes de transmission, telles que la transmission par vecteur ou d'autres inoculations mécaniques utilisant des antioxydants, une réactivation du virus sur tabac et des conditions environnementales optimisées pourraient être étudiées. En conclusion, ce mémoire a posé les bases pour la compréhension de la diversité virale des solidages invasifs et a mis en évidence la complexité de l'étude des phytovirus dans les écosystèmes dynamiques. Enfin, cette recherche a établi les voies pour de futures analyses afin de comprendre pleinement l'impact des espèces invasives sur l'écologie virale.
viral ecology --- invasive species --- Solidago canadensis --- Solidago gigantea --- bioinformatic analyses --- host range --- Verbena latent virus --- virus prevalence --- Genomoviridae --- Tombusviridae --- Sciences du vivant > Agriculture & agronomie --- Sciences du vivant > Biotechnologie
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