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This reprint focuses on exercise and physical activity research among people living with diabetes and covers a broad overview of exercise-related topics. These range from short-term effects of exercise and using daily activity measurements as vital signs in diabetes care centers to the health and fitness benefits of resistance and aerobic exercise training of all kinds, exercise prescription as a form of complementary medicine, as well as the challenges faced by children and/or adults regarding exercise programming at the community level. The goal was to cover a broad range of diabetes research, including all forms of diabetes mellitus across all life spans.

Medicine --- football --- sports --- prevalence --- diabetes mellitus --- physical activity --- pediatric --- clinical exercise --- sport medicine --- diabetes --- Nordic walking --- postmenopausal women --- fatty liver disease --- bone markers --- bone mineral density --- exercise --- resistance training --- menopause --- women --- type 1 diabetes --- Brain Breaks® --- video exercise --- decisional balance --- repeated measures --- A1C --- athletes --- blood glucose --- diet --- CGM --- type 2 diabetes mellitus --- diabetic neuropathy --- surface electromyography --- fatigue --- accelerometer --- hyperglycemia --- interval training --- blood pressure --- physical exercise --- heart rate --- cardiorespiratory fitness --- yoga --- muscle strength --- physical fitness --- maximal oxygen uptake --- VO2 max --- type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) --- adolescents --- exercise testing --- n/a

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This reprint represents the articles published in the Special Issue “Brain Function and Health, Sports, and Exercise”. Fifteen articles were published, with topics covering the relationship between acute effects of exercise on cognitive function, as well as the influence of exercise on positive medium-term adaptations in populations as children, youth, adults and older. We think that the different approaches used in the different articles will help the readers to have a greater overview of the current research in brain and exercise.

aerobic exercise --- creativity --- convergent thinking --- divergent thinking --- flexibility --- insight problem-solving --- cognitive functions --- mood --- vigor --- pleasure --- open-skill exercises --- closed-skill exercises --- cognition --- older adults --- physical activity --- sleep --- inhibitory performance --- mediating effects --- exercise --- attention --- attentional bias --- arousal --- randomized controlled trials --- non-randomized controlled trials --- cross-over studies --- systematic review --- meta-analysis --- video exercises --- attitudes --- online platform --- Brain Breaks® --- handgrip strength --- hypertension --- China --- international physical activity questionnaires --- alternate uses test --- antisaccade --- oculomotor --- task-evoked pupil dilation --- vision --- diffusion tensor imaging --- fractional anisotropy --- inhibitory control --- aerobic fitness --- early adulthood --- long-rope jumping --- 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol --- 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid --- soccer --- sports --- depressive symptoms --- mental health --- brain --- exercise intensity --- executive function --- motor expertise --- balance --- spatial cognition --- high altitude --- cardiorespiratory fitness --- stress --- amygdala --- hippocampus --- physical exercise --- cognitive exercise --- simultaneous training --- healthy aging --- cerebral oxygenation

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The concept of mechanism in biology has three distinct meanings. It may refer to a philosophical thesis about the nature of life and biology, to the internal workings of a machine-like structure, or to the causal explanation of a particular phenomenon. In this Special Issue, we try to discuss these possible biological mechanisms that underlie the beneficial effects of physical fitness and sports performance, as well their importance and role/influences on physical health.Despite the significant body of knowledge regarding the physiological and physical effects of different training methods (based on dimensions of load), some of the biological causes for those changes are still unknown. Additionally, few studies have focused on the natural biological variability in humans and how specific properties of humans may justify different effects for the same training intervention. Thus, more original research is needed to provide plausible biological mechanisms that may explain the physiological and physical effects of exercise and training in humans.In this Special Issue, we gather the contributions that describe and list the links between physical fitness, sports performance, and human biology.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- body composition --- BIVA --- fat mass --- weight loss --- HRQoL --- knowledge --- physical activity --- rheumatic diseases --- women --- 25(OH)D --- physiology of performances --- puberty --- pre-planned agility --- non-planned agility --- Paralympic Powerlifting --- ibuprofen --- muscle strength --- oxidative stress --- recovery of function --- satellite cells --- muscle regeneration --- myogenic regulatory factors --- inflammation --- exercise --- age --- athletic performance --- rowing --- sport --- young athlete --- mathematical model --- executive functions --- cognitive performance --- youth --- physical education --- BIA --- coronavirus disease --- detraining --- football --- muscle mass --- team sports --- soccer --- high-intensity --- small-sided games --- psychophysiological responses --- combined training --- cycling --- endurance --- oxygen uptake --- FTP --- threshold --- power --- strength --- muscular activity --- electromyography --- core endurance test --- muscular performance --- erythropoietin --- erythroferrone --- mental health --- sports --- spinal cord injury --- resistance training --- muscle damage --- acid–base balance --- kickboxing --- metabolic acidosis --- type 2 diabetes --- physical exercise --- high-intensity interval training --- cardiac autonomic modulation --- heart rate recovery --- heart rate variability --- aerobic training --- health --- triathlon --- performance --- ergogenic aids --- muscle fatigue --- recovery --- hormones --- antioxidant --- body fat --- IgA --- immunomodulation --- nutritional supplement --- obesity --- vibrating exercise equipment --- chronic low back pain --- surface electromyography --- biological mechanisms --- physical health --- sports and exercise physiology --- glucagon-like peptide-1 --- glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide --- dry land training --- one repetition maximum --- back squat --- water parachute --- aquatic training --- swimming performance --- hypoxic dose --- muscular endurance --- sex difference --- flanker --- adolescent --- Tabata training --- blood pressure --- cardiorespiratory fitness --- physical education lessons --- log-linear analysis --- multivariate correspondence analysis --- load --- heart rate --- high-speed running --- monotony --- muscle soreness --- sprint --- sleep --- strain --- stress --- tumour --- depression --- cancer survivorship --- cardiovascular fitness --- aerobic capacity --- skin surface temperature --- high-intensity exercise --- thermal imaging --- acute exercise --- hormonal response --- saliva --- strength training --- lean body mass --- kinanthropometry --- n/a --- acid-base balance