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L’évolution de la structure des protéines lors de leur passage en phase gazeuse est encore méconnue. Dans le cadre de ce mémoire, nous avons utilisé le marquage covalent pour modifier les chaînes latérales d’un type d’acide aminé ciblé afin d’en apprendre davantage sur son rôle structural lors du passage en phase gazeuse. Nous avons étudié l’impact du marquage des lysines sur le comportement en phase gazeuse d’une protéine modèle, le cytochrome C en utilisant le dépliement induit par collision couplé à la mobilité ionique. Différents marqueurs ont été utilisés et leurs effets sont comparés. Ces tests sont accompagnés de l’élaboration d’un protocole efficace, d’une étude de l’impact du marquage sur la structure de la protéine en solution et d’une étude sur les sites de marquage et leur réactivité respectives. Nos résultats montrent que le marquage des lysines par des groupement -Ac entraîne l’adoption de conformation plus compactes, ce qui met en évidence leur rôle structurel en phase gazeuse. La comparaison de l’impact des groupements -Ac avec celui de groupements plus volumineux portant un deux ou trois phényls révèle deux effets dépendants du groupement lié. Une augmentation de l’impact du marqueur sur la structure pour les marqueurs plus volumineux et une augmentation de la section efficace de collision de la protéine marquée. Ces résultats ouvrent la voix à de nombreuses perspectives utilisant la même technique mais en variant la protéine cible ou les marqueurs utilisés afin d’améliorer notre compréhension des phénomènes en jeu.

mobilité ionique --- spectrométrie de masse --- dépliement induit par collision --- NHS-ester --- cytochrome c --- Physique, chimie, mathématiques & sciences de la terre > Chimie

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Studies on new solutions in the field of high-voltage insulating materials are presented in this book. Most of these works concern liquid insulation, especially biodegradable ester fluids; however, in a few cases, gaseous and solid insulation are also considered. Both fundamental research as well as research related to industrial applications are described. In addition, experimental techniques aimed at possibly finding new ways of analysing the experimental data are proposed to test dielectrics.

optical radiation --- electrical discharges --- insulating liquids --- energy distribution --- transformer --- oil–paper insulation --- moisture --- drying --- synthetic ester --- mineral oil --- natural ester --- dielectric liquid mixtures --- retrofilling of power transformers --- streaming electrification --- ECT --- insulation aging --- insulation diagnostics --- aramid paper --- cellulose --- dielectric materials --- insulation system --- thermal conductivity --- transformers --- partial discharge --- harmonic distortion --- non-uniform electric field --- discrete Fourier transform --- electric arc --- gas insulation --- arc welding --- optical method --- spectrophotometer --- electromagnetic radiation --- arc lamps --- dielectric polarization --- relaxation methods --- activation energy --- cellulose–aramid paper --- moisture insulation --- ageing effect --- power transformer insulation testing --- insulation liquid mixtures --- power transformers --- retrofilling --- rotating disc system --- synthetic esters --- liquid insulation --- DC high voltage --- composite insulator --- glass-reinforced epoxy core --- 3-point bending test --- mechanical strength --- micro-hardness --- naturel ester oil --- nanofluids --- zinc oxide --- AC breakdown voltage --- Weibull distribution --- normal distribution --- transformer winding --- deformation --- frequency response analysis (FRA) --- numerical index --- window width --- power transformer --- interpolation --- mathematical modeling --- n/a --- oil-paper insulation --- cellulose-aramid paper

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Applied biocatalysis and biotransformation, that is, the use of enzymes and whole-cell systems in manufacturing processes for synthetic purposes, has been experiencing a clear boom in recent years, which has led to the start of the so-called “fourth wave”. In fact, the latest advances in bioinformatics, system biology, process intensification, and, in particular, enzyme-directed evolution (encouraged by the 2018 Nobel Prize awarded to F. Arnold), are widening the range of the efficacy of biocatalysts and accelerating the rate at which new enzymes are becoming available, even for activities not previously known. European scientists have been very actively involved in different aspects of this field. Nine contributions dealing with different aspects of applied biocatalysis developed by European researchers are gathered in this Special Issue

Research & information: general --- biocatalysis --- glycosidases --- isomerases --- Pichia pastoris --- sweeteners --- rare sugars --- cheese whey --- sustainable chemistry --- penicillin acylase --- aculeacin acylase --- N-acyl-homoserine lactone acylases --- quorum quenching --- biofouling --- estolides --- castor oil --- lipase --- candida antarctica lipase A --- Arabidopsis thaliana --- hydroxynitrile lyase --- oxynitrilase --- His-tag --- immobilization --- batch --- continuous flow --- Geobacillus thermocatenolatus --- lipases --- ethanolysis --- ionic liquids --- kinetic resolution --- mandelic acid --- Aspergillus --- fermentation --- filamentous fungi --- genetic engineering --- heterologous expression --- recombinant protein --- secretion --- transcriptional regulation --- n/a --- Halohydrin dehalogenases --- conformational dynamics --- active site tunnels --- molecular dynamics simulations --- omega-3 ethyl esters --- monkfish liver oil --- COSMO-RS --- fungal resting cells --- selectivity --- ketone body ester --- asymmetric synthesis --- configuration inversion

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Biocatalysis is very appealing to the industry because it allows, in principle, the synthesis of products not accessible by chemical synthesis. Enzymes are very effective, as are precise biocatalysts, as they are enantioselective, with mild reaction conditions and green chemistry. Biocatalysis is currently widely used in the pharmaceutical industry, food industry, cosmetic industry, and textile industry. This includes enzyme production, biocatalytic process development, biotransformation, enzyme engineering, immobilization, the synthesis of fine chemicals and the recycling of biocatalysts. One of the most challenging problems in biocatalysis applications is process optimization. This Special Issue shows that an optimized biocatalysis process can provide an environmentally friendly, clean, highly efficient, low cost, and renewable process for the synthesis and production of valuable products. With further development and improvements, more biocatalysis processes may be applied in the future.

Research & information: general --- catechin --- degalloylation --- flavonol --- glycoside hydrolase --- optimization --- tannase --- immobilized DERA --- statin side chain --- continuous flow synthesis --- alginate-luffa matrix --- design of experiments --- Anguilla marmorata --- eel protein hydrolysates --- functional properties --- herbal eel extracts --- agarose --- agarase --- agarotriose --- agaropentaose --- expression --- calycosin --- calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside --- glucosyltransferase --- sucrose synthase --- UDP-glucose recycle --- UGT-SuSy cascade reaction --- Candida antarctica lipase A --- surface-display system --- shear rate --- mass transfer rate --- enzymatic kinetic study --- enzymatic synthesis --- β-amino acid esters --- microreactor --- aromatic amines --- Michael addition --- kraft pulp --- cellulose --- xylan --- enzymatic hydrolysis --- Penicillium verruculosum --- glucose --- xylose --- lipase --- acidolysis --- docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester --- eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester --- ethyl acetate --- kinetics --- styrene monooxygenase --- indole monooxygenase --- two-component system --- chiral biocatalyst --- solvent tolerance --- biotransformation --- epoxidation --- NAD(P)H-mimics --- superoxide dismutase (SOD) --- catalase (CAT) --- glutathione reductase (GR) --- aluminum (Al) --- selenium (Se) --- mouse --- brain --- liver --- phosphatidylcholine --- 3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid --- enzymatic interesterification --- biocatalysis --- Pleurotus ostreatus --- enenzymatic hydrolysis --- peptide --- antioxidant --- hepatoprotective activity --- Yarrowia lipolytica --- whole-cell biocatalysis --- indolizine --- cycloaddition --- trehalose --- viscosity --- enzymes --- protein dynamics --- Kramers' theory --- protein stabilization --- enzyme inhibition --- Lipase --- transesterification --- 2-phenylethyl acetate --- packed-bed reactor --- solvent-free --- cyclic voltammetry --- electrochemical impedance spectroscopy --- carbon nanotubes --- redox mediators --- CYP102A1 --- naringin dihydrochalcone --- neoeriocitrin dihydrochalcone --- regioselective hydroxylation --- catechin --- degalloylation --- flavonol --- glycoside hydrolase --- optimization --- tannase --- immobilized DERA --- statin side chain --- continuous flow synthesis --- alginate-luffa matrix --- design of experiments --- Anguilla marmorata --- eel protein hydrolysates --- functional properties --- herbal eel extracts --- agarose --- agarase --- agarotriose --- agaropentaose --- expression --- calycosin --- calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside --- glucosyltransferase --- sucrose synthase --- UDP-glucose recycle --- UGT-SuSy cascade reaction --- Candida antarctica lipase A --- surface-display system --- shear rate --- mass transfer rate --- enzymatic kinetic study --- enzymatic synthesis --- β-amino acid esters --- microreactor --- aromatic amines --- Michael addition --- kraft pulp --- cellulose --- xylan --- enzymatic hydrolysis --- Penicillium verruculosum --- glucose --- xylose --- lipase --- acidolysis --- docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester --- eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester --- ethyl acetate --- kinetics --- styrene monooxygenase --- indole monooxygenase --- two-component system --- chiral biocatalyst --- solvent tolerance --- biotransformation --- epoxidation --- NAD(P)H-mimics --- superoxide dismutase (SOD) --- catalase (CAT) --- glutathione reductase (GR) --- aluminum (Al) --- selenium (Se) --- mouse --- brain --- liver --- phosphatidylcholine --- 3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid --- enzymatic interesterification --- biocatalysis --- Pleurotus ostreatus --- enenzymatic hydrolysis --- peptide --- antioxidant --- hepatoprotective activity --- Yarrowia lipolytica --- whole-cell biocatalysis --- indolizine --- cycloaddition --- trehalose --- viscosity --- enzymes --- protein dynamics --- Kramers' theory --- protein stabilization --- enzyme inhibition --- Lipase --- transesterification --- 2-phenylethyl acetate --- packed-bed reactor --- solvent-free --- cyclic voltammetry --- electrochemical impedance spectroscopy --- carbon nanotubes --- redox mediators --- CYP102A1 --- naringin dihydrochalcone --- neoeriocitrin dihydrochalcone --- regioselective hydroxylation

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Biocatalysis is very appealing to the industry because it allows, in principle, the synthesis of products not accessible by chemical synthesis. Enzymes are very effective, as are precise biocatalysts, as they are enantioselective, with mild reaction conditions and green chemistry. Biocatalysis is currently widely used in the pharmaceutical industry, food industry, cosmetic industry, and textile industry. This includes enzyme production, biocatalytic process development, biotransformation, enzyme engineering, immobilization, the synthesis of fine chemicals and the recycling of biocatalysts. One of the most challenging problems in biocatalysis applications is process optimization. This Special Issue shows that an optimized biocatalysis process can provide an environmentally friendly, clean, highly efficient, low cost, and renewable process for the synthesis and production of valuable products. With further development and improvements, more biocatalysis processes may be applied in the future.

catechin --- degalloylation --- flavonol --- glycoside hydrolase --- optimization --- tannase --- immobilized DERA --- statin side chain --- continuous flow synthesis --- alginate-luffa matrix --- design of experiments --- Anguilla marmorata --- eel protein hydrolysates --- functional properties --- herbal eel extracts --- agarose --- agarase --- agarotriose --- agaropentaose --- expression --- calycosin --- calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside --- glucosyltransferase --- sucrose synthase --- UDP-glucose recycle --- UGT–SuSy cascade reaction --- Candida antarctica lipase A --- surface-display system --- shear rate --- mass transfer rate --- enzymatic kinetic study --- enzymatic synthesis --- β-amino acid esters --- microreactor --- aromatic amines --- Michael addition --- kraft pulp --- cellulose --- xylan --- enzymatic hydrolysis --- Penicillium verruculosum --- glucose --- xylose --- lipase --- acidolysis --- docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester --- eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester --- ethyl acetate --- kinetics --- styrene monooxygenase --- indole monooxygenase --- two-component system --- chiral biocatalyst --- solvent tolerance --- biotransformation --- epoxidation --- NAD(P)H-mimics --- superoxide dismutase (SOD) --- catalase (CAT) --- glutathione reductase (GR) --- aluminum (Al) --- selenium (Se) --- mouse --- brain --- liver --- phosphatidylcholine --- 3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid --- enzymatic interesterification --- biocatalysis --- Pleurotus ostreatus --- enenzymatic hydrolysis --- peptide --- antioxidant --- hepatoprotective activity --- Yarrowia lipolytica --- whole–cell biocatalysis --- indolizine --- cycloaddition --- trehalose --- viscosity --- enzymes --- protein dynamics --- Kramers’ theory --- protein stabilization --- enzyme inhibition --- Lipase --- transesterification --- 2-phenylethyl acetate --- packed-bed reactor --- solvent-free --- cyclic voltammetry --- electrochemical impedance spectroscopy --- carbon nanotubes --- redox mediators --- CYP102A1 --- naringin dihydrochalcone --- neoeriocitrin dihydrochalcone --- regioselective hydroxylation --- n/a --- UGT-SuSy cascade reaction --- whole-cell biocatalysis --- Kramers' theory