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Topology. --- Electric network topology. --- Cooling systems

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With climate change, the energy consumption of buildings for cooling purposes is expected to rise, further enhancing global warming through the increase of greenhouse gas emissions. To break this vicious circle, it is essential to decrease the anthropogenic CO2 emissions by lessening the energy consumption in all sectors. Buildings are responsible for 40% of energy consumption in the European Union, according to the International Energy Agency (IEA). The urge to build more energy-efficient buildings resulted in the emergence of nearly zero-energy buildings (nZEB). However, the specifications the nZEB design should comply with might not be sufficient to prevent the risk of overheating in summer, hence the purchase of an active cooling system. 
Passive cooling techniques are investigated through a dynamic simulation of a nearly zero-energy dwelling. Their efficiency is assessed based on their ability to improve thermal comfort while limiting the increase in energy consumption. Thermal comfort is measured based on the theory of adaptative comfort which is the most relevant for a residential building. The passive cooling techniques can be combined to ensure the resilience of the building to global warming. It was found that the most efficient techniques are the ones relying on ventilative cooling. In Western Europe, day cooling should be combined with night cooling to reduce the overheating risk and improve thermal comfort by 39%. Solar protections and smart glazing also offer an efficient protection against overheating. They improve thermal comfort by respectively 34 and 22%. 
The effectiveness of the combined passive cooling techniques is studied over an extreme meteorological event, which is likely to occur by 2100 if nothing is done to prevent global warming. Twenty days of intense heat are studied to evaluate the resilience of a nZEB. It was found that the most efficient combination includes night cooling, thermochromic glazing and adiabatic cooling. Adiabatic cooling is particularly efficient during heat waves. Those techniques allow to decrease the indoor temperature by almost 10°C. However, occupants’ behaviour could have a negative impact on the cooling techniques efficiency.

Passive cooling --- Global warming --- Nearly zero-energy buildings --- Resilience --- Overheating --- Thermal comfort --- Ingénierie, informatique & technologie > Energie

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Ventilation. --- Cooling. --- Heat --- Buildings --- Ventilating --- Air conditioning --- Dampness in buildings --- Radiation and absorption --- Heating and ventilation --- Ventilation --- Aerodynamics --- Environmental engineering --- Building materials --- Environmental aspects.

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Pressurized water reactors. --- Pressurized-water power reactors --- Pressurized water reactors --- Nuclear reactors --- Solid fuel reactors --- Water cooled reactors --- Emergency core cooling systems --- Risk assessment.

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The impact of land-surface properties like vegetation, soil type, soil moisture, and the orography on the atmosphere is manifold. These features determine the evolution of the atmospheric boundary layer, convective conditions, cloud evolution and precipitation. The impact of model grid spacing and land-surface resolution on convective precipitation over heterogeneous surfaces is investigated using ICOsahedral Nonhydrostatic (ICON) simulations within the framework of the HD(CP)2 project.

Physics --- ICON --- LES --- Wärme- und Feuchtehaushalt --- HD(CP)2 --- Verdunstungskälte --- Entrainment --- Wolkenaggregation --- LAGRANTO --- Auslösemechanismen der Konvektion --- heat and moisture budgets --- evaporative cooling --- entrainment --- cloud aggregation --- triggering mechanisms of convection