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Ethylene dibromide --- Ethylene dibromide --- Ethylene dibromide --- Health aspects --- Environmental aspects --- Toxicology.

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One of the goals of plant science is to improve agricultural sustainability, increasing yield, food diversity, and nutrition, while minimizing the negative impact on our environment. In response to internal and external cues, plant hormones control various aspects of plant growth and development. The wealth of our knowledge on plant hormones shall greatly advance sustainable agriculture.

Cytokinins --- auxins --- Gibberellins --- Light --- plant hormones --- strigolactones --- Abscisic Acid --- Brassinosteroids --- nitrate --- ethylene

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In organic chemistry, Alkenes, also known as olefins, are the unsaturated hydrocarbons with the general formula of CnH2n that contains one or more carbon-carbon double bonds in their chemical structures (RC=CR'). The presence of this double bond allows alkenes to react in ways that alkanes cannot. Hence, alkenes find many diverse applications in industry. These compounds are widely used as initial materials in the synthesis of alcohols, plastics, lacquers, detergents, and fuels. The current book includes all knowledge and novel data according to the structure of alkenes, their novel synthesis methods, and their applications. In addition, manufacture, properties, and the use of polyalkenes are the other important topics that are covered in this book. These data are collected by the efforts and contributions of many authors and scientists from all over the globe, and all of us are ready to further improve the contents of this book as per the readers' comments.

Alkenes. --- Ethene series --- Ethylene series --- Olefines --- Olefins --- Hydrocarbons --- Physical Sciences --- Engineering and Technology --- Chemistry --- Organometallic Chemistry --- Organic Chemistry

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Lithium batteries are now present in our everyday life, powering portable electronics, power tools, sustainable vehicles such as hybrids and electric, as well as back-up devices and electrochemical storage systems in renewable energy plants. 
Lithium-metal is the best choice of anode material, since it provides the lowest reduction potential (∼ -3.0 V versus SHE) as well as the lowest density (0.534 g.cm-3), which is responsible for high specific capacity (3.86 Ah.g-1) and energy density (1470 WhK.g-1). 
Lithium-metal based batteries (LMBs) seem thus to be the most promising technology for the implementation of high energy density storage devices. However, before their practical application, LMBs must face the issue of lithium dendrites growth, which is the main cause of internal short circuits and thermal run-away reactions. 
Today, the most widespread solution to face this problem is based on the replacement of conventional liquid electrolytes with solid-state electrolytes (SSEs). This work is focused on solid polymer electrolytes (SPE), which are lightweight materials that provide flexibility, easy handling, long lifespan, wide electrochemical stability window as well as safety, by eliminating lithium dendrites growth. 
Hence, the first part of the thesis is dedicated to the synthesis of a triblock copolymer for solid-polymer electrolytes (SPEs) application in lithium-metal batteries. This triblock copolymer PPE-b-PEO-b-PPE covalently associates a poly(ethylene oxide) block that ensures ionic conduction with two poly(phosphate) side blocks. Since the poly(phosphate) blocks are characterised by a very low Tg (about -70°C), they will contribute to increase the mobility of PEO block and its amorphous phase, affording SPEs with enhanced ionic conductivity. 
The mechanical properties of the SPE synthesised were assessed by conducting tensile experiments, which showed a maximum Young modulus of 26 MPa. Cyclic voltammetry experiments displayed an electrochemical stability window ranging from 0 V to 5 V, which is in good agreement with general requirements. Moreover, thermogravimetric analysis showed that triblock copolymer is stable until ~220°C; the solid polymer electrolyte proposed can thus be safely implemented in batteries, in a wide temperature range.

Solid-state electrolyte --- Lithium-metal battery --- Solid polymer electrolyte --- Triblock copolymer --- Poly(phosphate)-based copolymer --- Poly(phosphoester)-based copolymer --- Poly(phosphosphate) copolymer --- Poly(phosphoester) copolymer --- Poly(ethylene oxide) copolymer --- Poly(ethylene oxide)-based copolymer --- Physique, chimie, mathématiques & sciences de la terre > Chimie