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La destruction fortuite ou programmée des forêts tropicales par les coupes industrielles ou paysannes résulte d'une stratégie de conversion brutale de la forêt en espace agricole et de l'utilisation d'une ressource naturelle lucrative. Les espaces concernés deviennent très sensibles aux feux et la biodiversité y est menacée, souvent appauvrie, les sols sont érodés. La déforestation, conduite sur un mode brutal, déstabilise les équilibres climatiques et sociaux de la planète et augmente les risques de conflits. Face à ce pillage, les savoirs paysans et leurs systèmes agro-forestiers peuvent parfois apporter des réponses adaptées. Ce livre constitue un véritable diagnostic sur une catastrophe écologique majeure.

Geography --- environnement --- biodiversité --- déforestation --- érosion --- forêt --- géosystème --- impact anthropique --- société

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The equilibrium of inland hydrosystems is presently a cause for concern, with species extinction rates there estimated to be 5 times higher than for terrestrial fauna in the 21st century. Urgent measures must be taken to conserve these ecosystems particularly with regard to fishes, which represent an especially rich and diverse evolutionary heritage. Fishes were long unaffected by human activity on the African continent, but anthropogenic pressure has increased in recent decades. Good management of African continental waters is thus of paramount importance in terms of heritage and economics, as fishes are a vital natural resource for the people in sub-Saharan Africa. In view of biodiversity conservation, African fishes are investigated here as a biological model owing to their enormous ecological and genetic diversity. It is essential to know the ecology and structure of various communities, and to understand the impact of human activity. This book discusses the diversity of environments, the origin and evolution of species, survival and adaptive strategies, the structure of fish communities, and the impact of human activity. It also devotes a section to fisheries and fish culture. This ambitious project summarizes the current state of knowledge on African fishes and their populations, highlighting the mechanisms regulating their equilibrium and the causes contributing to their erosion. It is a reference not just for readers involved in African aquatic environments, but for anyone interested in biodiversity conservation in general.

Environmental Studies --- écologie --- biodiversité --- exploitation des ressources naturelles --- écosystème --- facteur anthropique --- évolution --- pisciculture --- eau continentale --- aquaculture --- faune ichtyologique --- hydrobiologie --- milieu lacustre --- biogéographie --- biodiversity --- biogeography --- water --- ecology --- ecosystem --- evolution --- ressources exploitation --- anthropogenic factor --- hydrobiology