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Copper --- Central Asia.

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Polo, Marco --- Central Asia

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Excavations (Archaeology) --- Fouilles (Archéologie) --- Asia, Central --- Asie Centrale --- Antiquities --- Antiquités --- Central Asia --- Central Asia. --- Antiquities. --- Fouilles (Archéologie) --- Antiquités

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Europe's pension systems -among the most celebrated features of its social welfare model- face tremendous challenges. With only 11 percent of the world's population, Europe spends about 60 percent of global outlays on social protection, largely in pensions. In many countries, pension rules have encouraged people to retire sooner, while enjoying longer lives. Payroll taxes on a continuously expanding contributory base have financed these benefits. This model of pension provision is now being severely tested as pension systems reach maturity, while the population is aging and the labor force is

Pensions --- Europe --- Asia, Central --- Population. --- Compensation --- Pension plans --- Retirement pensions --- Superannuation --- Central Asia --- Soviet Central Asia --- Tūrān --- Turkestan --- West Turkestan --- Retirement income --- Annuities --- Social security individual investment accounts --- Vested benefits --- Asia

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For centuries, travelers have made Central Asia known to the wider world through their writings. In this volume, scholars employ these little-known texts in a wide range of Asian and European languages to trace how Central Asia was gradually absorbed into global affairs. The representations of the region brought home to China and Japan, India and Persia, Russia and Great Britain, provide valuable evidence that helps map earlier periods of globalization and cultural interaction.

Visitors, Foreign --- Travel writing --- Foreign visitors --- Foreigners --- Foreigners, Visiting --- International visitors --- Visiting foreigners --- Travelers --- Exchange of persons programs --- Travel --- Authorship --- History --- History and criticism --- Asia, Central --- Central Asia --- Soviet Central Asia --- Tūrān --- Turkestan --- West Turkestan --- Asia --- Description and travel