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L'autorité coloniale à Madagascar a mis en place un Etat autoritaire et bureaucratique appuyé sur le recours très large à différentes formes de travail forcé. Le résultat fut une croissance faible et une régression économique relative. L'oligarchie coloniale et le petit colonat, surtout créole, ont aussi pesé dans le sens de la contrainte sur les populations. ©Electre 2015

Madagascar --- France --- Madagascar --- Madagascar --- France --- Madagascar --- History --- Colonies --- Colonization --- Histoire --- Colonies --- Colonisation

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Multilingualism --- Language and languages --- Elite (Social sciences) --- Madagascar

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Nineteenth-century highland Madagascar was a place inhabited by the dead as much as the living. Ghosts, ancestors and the possessed were important historical actors alongside local kings and queens, soldiers, traders and missionaries. This book considers the challenges that such actors pose for historical accounts of the past and for thinking about questions of presence and representation. How were the dead made present, and how were they recognized or not? In attending to these multifarious encounters of the nineteenth century, how might we reflect on the ways in which our own history-writing makes the dead present? To tackle these questions, Zoë Crossland tells an anthropological history of highland Madagascar from a perspective rooted in archaeology and Peircean semiotics, as well as in landscape study, oral history and textual sources.

Ethnology --- Semiotics --- Dead --- Landscapes --- Merina (Malagasy people) --- Missions --- Ethnology. --- Missions. --- Religion. --- Semiotics. --- Religious aspects. --- Symbolic aspects --- Symbolic aspects. --- 1800-1899. --- Madagascar --- Imerina (Madagascar) --- Madagascar. --- History --- Religion --- Antimerina (Malagasy people) --- Hova (Malagasy people) --- Hovas --- Imerina (Malagasy people) --- Ovah (Malagasy people) --- Countryside --- Landscape --- Natural scenery --- Scenery --- Scenic landscapes --- Nature --- Dead (in religion, folk-lore, etc.) --- Semeiotics --- Semiology (Linguistics) --- Semantics --- Signs and symbols --- Structuralism (Literary analysis) --- Imerina, Madagascar --- Emyrne (Madagascar) --- Imaïrne (Madagascar) --- Madagaskar --- Democratic Republic of Madagascar --- Repoblika Demokratika n'i Madagaskar --- Repoblika Demokratika Malagasy --- République démocratique de Madagascar --- RDM --- Repoblikan'i Madagasikara --- République de Madagascar --- Repoblikan'i Madakasikara --- Madagasikara --- Republic of Madagascar --- マダガスカル --- Madagasukaru --- מדגסקר --- Malagasy Republic

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This paper focuses on Madagascar’s Request for Disbursement Under the Rapid Credit Facility (RCF). The Malagasy authorities managed to avert a macroeconomic crisis during a difficult period of political transition and economic uncertainty since 2009. However, these disruptions have constrained growth and fiscal revenue, leading to a sharp compression of public investment and social outlays. The authorities are requesting a disbursement under the RCF. They also see the RCF as a stepping stone for a possible future arrangement addressing Madagascar’s medium-term challenges and as a positive signal to development partners. The IMF staff supports the authorities’ request for a disbursement under the RCF.

Economic development --- Fiscal policy --- Monetary policy --- Economic indicators --- Business indicators --- Indicators, Business --- Indicators, Economic --- Leading indicators --- Economic history --- Quality of life --- Economic forecasting --- Index numbers (Economics) --- Social indicators --- Monetary management --- Economic policy --- Currency boards --- Money supply --- Tax policy --- Taxation --- Finance, Public --- Development, Economic --- Economic growth --- Growth, Economic --- Economics --- Statics and dynamics (Social sciences) --- Development economics --- Resource curse --- Government policy --- Madagascar --- Economic conditions. --- Banks and Banking --- Exports and Imports --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Public Finance --- Social Services and Welfare --- Budgeting --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- International economics --- Public finance & taxation --- Monetary economics --- Banking --- Social welfare & social services --- Budgeting & financial management --- External debt --- Public debt --- Revenue administration --- Public and publicly-guaranteed external debt --- Arrears --- Debts, External --- Debts, Public --- Revenue --- Credit --- Banks and banking --- Expenditures, Public --- Madagascar, Republic of