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Economic policy --- Finance --- -Endogenous growth (Economics) --- International economic relations --- Monetary policy --- Mathematical models --- Europe --- Economic policy.

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In Africa, farmers have been reluctant to take up new varieties of staple crops developed to boost smallholder yields and rural incomes. Low fertilizer use is often mentioned as a proximate cause, but some believe the problem originates with incomplete input markets. As a remedy, African governments have introduced technology adoption programs with fertilizer subsidies as a core component. Still, the links between market performance and choices about using fertilizer are poorly articulated in empirical studies and policy discussions, making it difficult to judge whether the programs are expected to generate lasting benefits or to simply offset high fertilizer prices. This paper develops a conceptual model to show how choices made by agents supplying input services combine with household livelihood settings to generate heterogeneous decisions about fertilizer use. An applied model is estimated with data from a panel survey in rural Ethiopia. The results suggest that adverse market conditions limit the adoption of fertilizer-based technologies, especially among resource-poor households. Farmers appear to respond to market signals in the aggregate and this provides a pathway for subsidies to stimulate demand. However, the research suggests that lowering transaction costs, through investments in infrastructure and market institutions, can generate deeper effects by expanding the technologies available to farmers across all pricing outcomes.

Agricultural Policy --- Agriculture --- Climate Change and Agriculture --- Economic Theory & Research --- Endogenous Technology --- Environmental Economics & Policies --- Fertilizer --- Fertilizers --- Incomplete Markets --- Markets and Market Access --- Panel Selection Model --- Rural Development

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A vast new literature on the sources of economic growth has now accumulated. This book critically reviews the most significant works in this field and summarizes what is known today about the sources of economic growth. The first part discusses the most important theoretical models that have been used in modern growth theory as well as methodological issues in productivity measurement. The second part examines the long-term record on productivity among Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries, considers the sources of growth among them with particular attention to the role of education, investigates convergence at the industry level among them, and examines the productivity slowdown of the 1970s. The third part looks at the sources of growth among non-OECD countries. Each chapter emphasizes the factors that appear to be most important in explaining growth performance.

Production (Economic theory) --- Endogenous growth (Economics) --- Industrial productivity. --- Productivity, Industrial --- TFP (Total factor productivity) --- Total factor productivity --- Industrial efficiency --- Economic development --- Microeconomics --- Supply and demand --- Demand (Economic theory) --- Supply-side economics

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In the first decade of the twenty-first century, the biggest event of worldwide proportion was the 2008 global financial crisis, which was caused primarily by ineffective governance, failed surveillance systems, and implementation flaws.  While fiscal and monetary policies succeeded in pulling many countries out of a financial freefall, most economies have performed beneath pre-recession levels as governments continued to struggle with their finances.     Examining the financial crisis from the viewpoint of intangible assets provides a different perspective from traditional economic approaches.  National Intellectual Capital (NIC), comprised mainly of human capital, market capital, process capital, renewal capital, and financial capital, is a valuable intangible asset and a key source of national competitive advantage in today’s knowledge economy.  The authors—pioneers in the field—present extensive data and a rigorous conceptual framework to analyze the connections between the global financial crisis and NIC development.  Covering the period from 2005 to 2010 across 48 countries, the authors establish a positive correlation between NIC and GDP per capita and consider the impact of NIC investment for short-term recovery and long-term risk control and strategy formulation. Each volume in a series of SpringerBriefs on NIC and the financial crisis provides in-depth coverage of the impact of the crisis, the aftermath, future prospects, and policy implications for a regional cluster.  This volume focuses on China, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taiwan.

Capital movements -- Asia. --- Debts, External -- Asia. --- Financial crisis -- Asia. --- Capital movements --- Business & Economics --- Economic Theory --- Endogenous growth (Economics) --- Regional economics. --- Economic policy. --- Economic growth. --- Spatial economics. --- Economics. --- Economic Growth. --- Economic Policy. --- R & D/Technology Policy. --- Regional/Spatial Science. --- Economics --- Regional planning --- Regionalism --- Space in economics --- Economic development --- Economic nationalism --- Economic planning --- National planning --- State planning --- Planning --- National security --- Social policy --- Development, Economic --- Economic growth --- Growth, Economic --- Economic policy --- Statics and dynamics (Social sciences) --- Development economics --- Resource curse --- Spatial economics --- Regional economics

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Circadian rhythms are such an innate part of our lives that we rarely pause to speculate why they even exist. Perhaps this is the reason why in the medical practice the circadian variability of hormones, metabolites, physiological behaviors or the relevance of time in the presence or absence of different pathologies, have been practically ignored in the past. Some studies have suggested that the disruption of the circadian system may be cause for obesity and manifestations of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS). Shift-work, sleep-deprivation and bright-light-exposure at night are related to increased adiposity (obesity) and prevalence of MetS. Chronobiology and Obesity examines recent advances that have led to researchers to find the relevant link which exists between chronobiology and obesity, but, as it is emphasized throughout the book, there is much more that needs to be explored between the connection.

Chronobiology. --- Mental illness --Physiological aspects.. --- Obesity --- Chronobiology --- Biological rhythms --- Overnutrition --- Physiological Phenomena --- Periodicity --- Overweight --- Nutrition Disorders --- Body Weight --- Phenomena and Processes --- Body Size --- Signs and Symptoms --- Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases --- Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms --- Body Weights and Measures --- Diseases --- Body Constitution --- Physical Examination --- Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures --- Diagnosis --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Circadian Rhythm --- Chronobiology Phenomena --- Biology --- Medicine --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Metabolic & Nutritional Diseases --- Pathology --- Genetics --- Physiological aspects --- Biological rhythms. --- Physiological aspects. --- Biological clocks --- Biorhythms --- Endogenous rhythms --- Living clocks --- Rhythms, Biological --- Biological time --- Adiposity --- Corpulence --- Fatness --- Medicine. --- Human genetics. --- Endocrinology. --- Biomedicine. --- Human Genetics. --- Biomedicine general. --- Cycles --- Pacemaker cells --- Time --- Body weight --- Metabolism --- Nutrition disorders --- Disorders