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Approximately two billion people are infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, and an estimated two million deaths due to this disease occur annually.
The BCG vaccin, the attenuated strain of mycobacterium bovis, baccillus Calmette-Guérin is currently the only available vaccine. However, the prophylactic use of BCG has demonstrated varying levels of efficacy in different clinical trials.
The immune response to TB is incompletely understood. A lot of scientist work to ensure progress in the development of improved tuberculosis vaccines. With an improved knowledge of M Tuberculosis pathogenesis and the detailed immune responses that protect against infection and disease, we hope find a vaccine that protects everybody.
There are several vaccines which are currently being tested in phase I, II or III human trials. Different vaccine types are among the vaccine candidates : live, recombinant BCG, adjuvanted subunit, modified vaccinia virus or adenovirus-vectored TB antigens. There are all very promising. But a long way of study and trials remains to be done to see a vaccine arrive on the market Approximativement deux milliards de personnes dans le monde sont infectées par Mycobacterium tuberculosis, l’agent pathogène causant la tuberculose et on estime que deux millions en meurent chaque année.
Le vaccin BCG, une souche atténuée de Mycobacterium bovis, le bacille de Calmette et Guérin, est actuellement le seul vaccin disponible. Cependant, l’usage prophylactique du BCG a démontré une efficacité variable lors d’études cliniques.
La compréhension de la réponse immunitaire à M. Tuberculosis est incomplète. De nombreux scientifiques travaillent pour assurer les progrès de développement de vaccins contre la tuberculose. Avec une amélioration des connaissances sur la pathogénie de M Tuberculosis et sur la réponse immunitaire qui protège contre l’infection et la maladie, on espère trouver un vaccin nous protégeant tous.
Plusieurs vaccins sont actuellement entrés dans les phases cliniques I, II ou III. Différents types de vaccins sont parmi ces derniers : vivant, BCG recombinant, vaccin à sous unités, vaccin avec comme vecteur, le virus vaccinia modifié ou un adénovirus modifié. Ils sont tous très prometteurs mais un long chemin d’étude et d’essais reste encore à parcourir avant de pouvoir voir un de ces vaccins arriver sur le marché

Tuberculosis --- Mycobacterium tuberculosis --- Tuberculosis Vaccines --- BCG Vaccine

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This book provides all the vital information you need to know about tuberculosis, especially in the face of drug-resistant strains of the disease. Coverage includes which patient populations face an elevated risk of infection, as well as which therapies are appropriate and how to correctly monitor ongoing treatment so that patients are cured. Properly administer screening tests, interpret their results, and identify manifestations of the disease, with authoritative guidance from expert clinicians from around the world.Discusses screening tests for tuberculosis so you can interpret thei

Tuberculosis. --- Tuberculosis --- Epidemiology. --- Pathophysiology. --- Treatment. --- Consumption (Disease) --- Lungs --- Phthisis --- Pulmonary tuberculosis --- TB (Disease) --- Chest --- Mycobacterial diseases --- Mycobacterium tuberculosis --- Diseases

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Contains statistics on tuberculosis in countries that are part of WHO European Region, including Russia, Israel, and Tajikistan.

Pathology of the respiratory system --- Europe --- Tuberculosis --- Tuberculosis. --- Central Asia. --- Europe. --- Consumption (Disease) --- Lungs --- Phthisis --- Pulmonary tuberculosis --- TB (Disease) --- Chest --- Mycobacterial diseases --- Mycobacterium tuberculosis --- Diseases --- Council of Europe countries --- Eastern Hemisphere --- Eurasia --- Asia, Central --- Soviet Central Asia --- Tūrān --- Turkestan --- West Turkestan --- Asia

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The Ecology of Mycobacteria principally emphasizes the ecological characteristics of the environmental mycobacteria. It is now well understood that the incidence and prevalence of potentially pathogenic mycobacteria is increasing in humans and animals. Further, proof that mycobacteria are normal inhabitants of drinking water distribution systems and household water systems, indicates that humans and animals are surrounded by mycobacteria and thus at risk. It is anticipated that the emphasis on ecology and routes of infection will result in a text of widespread use for clinicians and for research scientists in medicine, academia, and industry. In addition to identifying habitats and thereby sources of mycobacteria infecting humans and animals, the text identifies those mycobacterial characteristics that determine its range of habitats. Additionally, the text comments critically on the available methods to identify those protocols with values in mycobacterial research. In that manner, although there are no chapters specifically devoted to methods, superior methods for mycobacteria will be identified. A new text is needed for the mycobacteria because the prevalence of disease caused by the environmental potentially pathogenic mycobacteria is increasing. This increase is due to a number of factors. Host factors contribute to an increasing population of individuals more susceptible to mycobacterial infection. For example, the aging of the human population and the increasing frequency of immunosuppressed individuals as a result of infection (e.g. HIV), chemotherapy, and transplant-associated immunosuppression are all factors leading to increased susceptibility of infection with environment derived mycobacteria. Moreover, the role of mycobacteria as triggers in different autoimmune diseases is more and more evident. It is highly probable that peptidoglycans, lipoglycans, lipoproteins, heat shock proteins and some other structures from the mycobacterial cell wall, participate in different pathways of non-specific inflammatory reactions in humans, namely those with a specific genetic disposition. In such events mycobacteria in drinking water and food, even devitalized, have to be considered as a public health risk. Second, human-engineered systems such as drinking water distribution systems are creating a habitat for the selection and proliferation of the potentially pathogenic mycobacteria. In as much as drinking water brings together overlapping habitats of both mycobacteria and humans and animals, a review of mycobacterial ecology is timely. The ecology of mycobacteria helps to understand the circulation of mycobacteria into the respective disciplines such as epidemiology, epizootology, immunology, environmental ecology, animal husbandry and environment conservation.

Ecology. --- Mycobacteria -- Ecology. --- Mycobacteria. --- Mycobacteria --- Actinomycetales Infections --- Mycobacteriaceae --- Earth Sciences --- Public Health --- Microbiology --- Biology --- Mycobacterium --- Ecology --- Environmental Microbiology --- Mycobacterium Infections --- Gram-Positive Asporogenous Rods, Regular --- Environment and Public Health --- Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections --- Biological Science Disciplines --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Actinomycetales --- Health Care --- Actinobacteria --- Bacterial Infections --- Gram-Positive Asporogenous Rods --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Bacterial Infections and Mycoses --- Gram-Positive Rods --- Gram-Positive Bacteria --- Bacteria --- Diseases --- Organisms --- Microbiology & Immunology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Microbial ecology. --- Environmental microbiology --- Microorganisms --- Mycobacterial ecology --- Life sciences. --- Infectious diseases. --- Epidemiology. --- Veterinary medicine. --- Microbiology. --- Bacteriology. --- Life Sciences. --- Infectious Diseases. --- Microbial Ecology. --- Veterinary Medicine. --- Microbial ecology --- Emerging infectious diseases. --- Veterinary Medicine/Veterinary Science. --- Public health --- Emerging infections --- New infectious diseases --- Re-emerging infectious diseases --- Reemerging infectious diseases --- Communicable diseases --- Farriery --- Large animal medicine --- Large animal veterinary medicine --- Livestock medicine --- Veterinary science --- Medicine --- Animal health --- Animals --- Domestic animals --- Livestock --- Microbial biology --- Losses

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Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDRTB) increasingly occur in resource-constrained settings. In the context of a national response to MDR- and XDR-TB, health workers in TB clinics (in district hospitals and some accredited health centres) will need to diagnose MDR-TB, initiate second-line anti-TB drugs, and monitor MDR-TB treatment. This field guide was created to help health workers carry out these tasks. It is a job aid that medical officers and TB nurses are meant to use frequently during the day for quick reference. It is based on the 2

Antitubercular agents. --- Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. --- Practice Guideline. --- Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis --- Antitubercular agents --- Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes --- Tuberculosis --- Lentivirus Infections --- Therapeutics --- Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral --- Anti-Bacterial Agents --- Guideline --- Drug Therapy, Combination --- HIV Infections --- Practice Guideline --- Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active --- Drug Therapy --- Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant --- Antitubercular Agents --- Sexually Transmitted Diseases --- Anti-Infective Agents --- Immune System Diseases --- Mycobacterium Infections --- Publication Formats --- Retroviridae Infections --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Therapeutic Uses --- Actinomycetales Infections --- Virus Diseases --- Diseases --- RNA Virus Infections --- Publication Characteristics --- Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections --- Pharmacologic Actions --- Bacterial Infections --- Chemical Actions and Uses --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Bacterial Infections and Mycoses --- Medicine --- Infectious Diseases --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Drugs, Antitubercular --- Tuberculostatic agents --- MDR-TB (Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis) --- MDR tuberculosis --- Polydrug-resistant tuberculosis --- Antibacterial agents --- Drug resistance in microorganisms --- Multidrug resistance --- Chemotherapy