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The authors review the series of events that led to the 2002 Uruguayan banking crisis, assess the current status of the Uruguayan banking sector, and analyze the policy responses undertaken by the Uruguayan authorities to counteract the crisis. The main conclusion from their analysis is that although the immediate trigger for the crisis was caused by contagion resulting from Argentina's financial crisis, the spread and magnification of the crisis that engulfed the Uruguayan economy was amplified by certain weaknesses of the Uruguayan economy in general, and the domestic banking sector in particular. The authors also believe that the policy responses adopted by the Uruguayan authorities were mostly adequate, allowing Uruguay to successfully counteract simultaneous banking and public debt crises. Most important, the Uruguayan authorities were able to overcome a severe crisis while preserving the necessary trust in banking contracts, achieving a high level of social stability and political cohesion, and maintaining a fluid dialogue with multilateral financial institutions and all affected parties. The cooperative and consensual approach taken by the authorities created the necessary conditions to overcome some of the important obstacles to the recovery of the domestic banking sector.

Bank Policy --- Banking Crisis --- Banking Sector --- Banking System --- Banks and Banking Reform --- Contracts --- Currencies and Exchange Rates --- Currency --- Currency Mismatch --- Debt Crises --- Debt Markets --- Debt Restructuring --- Domestic Banking --- Emerging Markets --- Exchange --- Exchange Rate --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Crisis --- Financial Crisis Management and Restructuring --- Financial Institutions --- Financial Intermediation --- Financial Literacy --- Government Debt --- International Financial Institutions --- Payment System --- Policy Responses --- Private Banks --- Private Sector Development --- Public Debt

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Programming --- Software refactoring --- Software patterns --- Logiciels --- Modèles de conception --- Refactorisation --- Software refactoring. --- Software patterns. --- 681.3*D27 --- 681.3*D211 --- 681.3*D33 --- Patterns, Software --- Computer software --- Refactoring, Software --- Software maintenance --- Distribution and maintenance: corrections; documentation; enhancement; extensibility; portability; restructuring; version control (Software engineering) --- Software architectures: data abstractio, domain-specific architectures, information hiding, languages (e.g. description, interconnection, definition), patterns (e.g. client/server, pipeline, blackboard) --- Languages constructs: abstract data types; concurrent programming structures;control structures; coroutines (Programming languages) --- Development --- Refactoring --- 681.3*D33 Languages constructs: abstract data types; concurrent programming structures;control structures; coroutines (Programming languages) --- 681.3*D27 Distribution and maintenance: corrections; documentation; enhancement; extensibility; portability; restructuring; version control (Software engineering) --- Modèles de conception

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This paper reviews the Enhanced Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative of the Republic of Congo. Emerging from a conflict situation, and starting from a low base, Congo has made significant progress in implementing financial and structural reforms, but large challenges remain. The overall improving political and security conditions allowed the authorities to make good progress toward restoring macroeconomic and financial stability. Debt relief under the enhanced HIPC Initiative would reduce Congo’s external debt by nearly one-half.

Debt relief --- Poverty --- Destitution --- Wealth --- Basic needs --- Begging --- Poor --- Subsistence economy --- Debt renegotiation --- Debt rescheduling --- Debt restructuring --- Relief, Debt --- Renegotiation, Debt --- Rescheduling, Debt --- Restructuring, Debt --- Debtor and creditor --- Law and legislation --- Congo (Brazzaville) --- Congo (People's Republic) --- Congo Republic (Brazzaville) --- Kongo (Brazzaville) --- Ludowa Republika Konga --- Narodnai︠a︡ Respublika Kongo --- People's Republic of the Congo --- R.P.C. (République populaire du Congo) --- Repubilika ya Kôngo --- Republic of Congo (Brazzaville) --- Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville) --- Republíki ya Kongó --- République du Congo (Brazzaville) --- République populaire du Congo --- ROC (Republic of Congo) --- RPC --- West Congo --- Middle Congo --- Economic conditions --- Exports and Imports --- Financial Risk Management --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- International economics --- Finance --- Debt service --- External debt --- Arrears --- Debt service ratios --- Asset and liability management --- Debts, External --- Congo, Democratic Republic of the

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Can China and India continue to rank among the fastest expanding economies? This book highlights what has worked and what more needs to be done to ensure sustained rapid economic growth and poverty reduction. Addressing the two countries' recent experiences with growth and reform, this book provides important insight for other developing economies.

Loans, Foreign --- Debts, External --- Debt relief --- Debt equity conversion --- Prêts étrangers --- Dettes extérieures --- Dettes --- Conversion en prises de participation --- -Debt relief --- -Debts, External --- -Loans, Foreign --- -336.7 --- (100-77) --- $?$96/10 --- AA / International- internationaal --- 338.340 --- 382.256 --- 382.254 --- Foreign loans --- International loans --- Loans, International --- Loans --- Conditionality (International relations) --- Foreign loan insurance --- Debts, Foreign --- Debts, International --- External debts --- Foreign debts --- International debts --- Debt --- International finance --- Investments, Foreign --- Debt renegotiation --- Debt rescheduling --- Debt restructuring --- Relief, Debt --- Renegotiation, Debt --- Rescheduling, Debt --- Restructuring, Debt --- Debtor and creditor --- Buybacks, Debt --- Conversion, Debt-equity --- Debt buybacks --- Debt-equity swaps --- Swaps (Finance) --- Algemene ontwikkeling in de Derde Wereld. --- Buitenlandse hulp (betalingsbalans). --- Internationale kredieten. --- Law and legislation --- Prêts étrangers --- Dettes extérieures --- Asia-Economic conditions. --- Development economics. --- International economics. --- Macroeconomics. --- Asian Economics. --- Development Economics. --- International Economics. --- Macroeconomics/Monetary Economics//Financial Economics. --- Economics --- Economic development --- Economic policy, Foreign --- Economic relations, Foreign --- Economics, International --- Foreign economic policy --- Foreign economic relations --- Interdependence of nations --- International economic policy --- International economics --- New international economic order --- Economic policy --- International relations --- Economic sanctions --- Asia—Economic conditions. --- Algemene ontwikkeling in de Derde Wereld --- Buitenlandse hulp (betalingsbalans) --- Internationale kredieten --- India --- China --- Economic policy. --- Economic conditions. --- Asia --- International economic relations. --- Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics. --- -Asia --- -India