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Le respect, une vertu certes, mais seulement si son objet en est vraiment digne. Il s'agit d'une prise de conscience qui me fait " reconnaître l'humanité dans la personne d'autrui comme en moi-même ", selon Kant. Ce respect-là est retenu, suspension de l'acte insolent, blasphématoire, violent ou destructeur. Il pose, par un accord tacite, une limite à ne pas franchir : auto-limitation de notre pouvoir d'agir en reconnaissance d'une valeur absolue. Mais qui décide de ce qui a de la valeur ? Respect d'autrui, de soi, respect des droits et de la dignité de chacun, de la différence, de la vérité, de la loi; autant de champs qui interrogent la morale, le droit, la politique, l'expérience littéraire, le sentiment du sacré, et suscitent ici une réflexion vigilante.

Respect. --- Respect for persons. --- Ethics

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Attention --- Respect --- History --- History --- Kant, Immanuel --- Singer, Peter --- Tugendhat, Ernst --- Wolf, Ursula, --- Ethics. --- Ethics.

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Intercountry adoption --- Law and legislation. --- Law and legislation --- Convention on Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption --- Law --- Family & relationships

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La dignité de la personne est une notion malaisée à définir pour le juriste. Et pourtant, elle connaît un grand succès et s'impose à lui. De tous côtés, on l'invoque comme clé de voûte de nos systèmes juridiques, à la manière d'un impératif éthique, d'une borne infranchissable. Ce caractère à la fois indicible et intangible rendait sans doute nécessaire ce dialogue à plusieurs voix qu'ont tenté dans cet ouvrage, avec des genres et des tons différents, des universitaires de diverses origines, unis dans cette commune interrogation, par le souvenir et l'image de Christian BOLZE, à qui ces pages sont dédiées.

Human rights --- Persons (Law) --- 342.7 --- 17.023.33 --- Law of persons --- Personality (Law) --- Status (Law) --- Basic rights --- Civil rights (International law) --- Rights, Human --- Rights of man --- Human security --- Transitional justice --- Truth commissions --- Law and legislation --- Dignity --- Law and ethics --- Respect for persons --- Dignite --- Droit et morale --- Respect de la personne --- Bolze, Christian

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In the efficient allocation of aid, aid is targeted disproportionately to countries with severe poverty and adequate policies. For a given level of poverty, aid tapers in with policy reform. In the actual allocation of aid, aid tapers out with reform. Aid now lifts about 30 million people a year out of absolute poverty. With a poverty-efficient allocation, the same amount of aid would lift about 80 million people out of poverty. Collier and Dollar derive a poverty-efficient allocation of aid and compare it with actual aid allocations. They build the poverty-efficient allocation in two stages. First they use new World Bank ratings of 20 different aspects of national policy to establish the current relationship between aid, policies, and growth. Onto that, they add a mapping from growth to poverty reduction, which reflects the level and distribution of income. They compare the effects of using headcount and poverty-gap measures of poverty. They find the actual allocation of aid to be radically different from the poverty-efficient allocation. In the efficient allocation, for a given level of poverty, aid tapers in with policy reform. In the actual allocation, aid tapers out with reform. In the efficient allocation, aid is targeted disproportionately to countries with severe poverty and adequate policies - the type of country where 74 percent of the world's poor live. In the actual allocation, such countries receive a much smaller share of aid (56 percent) than their share of the world's poor. With the present allocation, aid is effective in sustainably lifting about 30 million people a year out of absolute poverty. With a poverty-efficient allocation, this would increase to about 80 million people. Even with political constraints introduced to keep allocations for India and China constant, poverty reduction would increase to about 60 million. Reallocating aid is politically difficult, but it may be considerably less difficult than quadrupling aid budgets, which is what the authors estimate would be necessary to achieve the same impact on poverty reduction with existing aid allocations. This paper - a joint product of the Office of the Director, and Macroeconomics and Growth, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to examine aid effectiveness. The authors may be contacted at pcollier@worldbank.org or ddollar@worldbank.org.

Development Efforts --- Domestic Poverty --- Economic Growth --- Elimination Of Poverty --- Emergencies --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Level Of Poverty --- Living Standards --- National Policy --- Policies --- Policy Level --- Poor People --- Population Policies --- Poverty --- Poverty Reduction --- Pro-Poor Growth --- Quantitative Measures --- Recipient Countries --- Respect --- Rule Of Law --- Rural Development --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Sectoral Policies --- Services and Transfers to Poor --- Sustainable Growth --- War