Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

By establishing free trade for industrial products in 12 years, the European Union’s Association Agreements with countries in the Mediterranean region seek to promote accelerated economic growth. This paper reviews the literature and evaluates the economic benefits and costs for Tunisia, Morocco, Lebanon, Egypt, and Jordan. It concludes that the benefits could be substantial, but only if accompanied by deep supplementary reforms, including extending trade liberalization to services and agriculture and on a multilateral basis, improving the environment for foreign direct investment, ensuring an adequate fiscal and exchange rate policy response, and strengthening European Union assistance.

Exports and Imports --- Taxation --- Trade Policy --- International Trade Organizations --- Economic Integration --- Trade: General --- International economics --- Public finance & taxation --- Trade liberalization --- Exports --- Tariffs --- Imports --- Trade agreements --- International trade --- Taxes --- Commercial policy --- Tariff --- Commercial treaties --- Tunisia

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Free trade. --- Protectionism. --- Democracy. --- Free trade --- Protectionism --- Democracy --- Commerce --- Business & Economics --- International Commerce --- Economic Theory --- Self-government --- Political science --- Equality --- Representative government and representation --- Republics --- Free trade and protection --- Commercial policy --- Trade, Free --- Trade liberalization --- International trade --- United States --- Japan --- Emigration and immigration. --- Foreign economic relations --- Immigration

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Continental trade blocs are emerging in many parts of the world almost in tandem. If trade blocs are required to satisfy the McMillan criterion of not lowering trade volume with outside countries, they have to engage in a dramatic reduction of trade barriers against non-member countries. That may not be politically feasible. On the other hand, in a world of simultaneous continental trade blocs, an open regionalism in which trade blocs undertake relatively modest external liberalization can usually produce Pareto improvement.

Exports and Imports --- Infrastructure --- Taxation --- Economic Integration --- Trade Policy --- International Trade Organizations --- Trade: General --- Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities: General --- International economics --- Public finance & taxation --- Macroeconomics --- Trade agreements --- Tariffs --- Imports --- Trade liberalization --- Transportation --- International trade --- Taxes --- National accounts --- Commercial treaties --- Tariff --- Commercial policy --- Saving and investment --- New Zealand

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

We examine industrial output in Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, and Romania during 1989–95 in terms of pretransitional product trade orientation. The growth of EU-oriented output within sectors of industry, ex-post trade, and market liberalization, is modeled as foreign direct investment induced Schumpeterian (vertical) waves of product innovation. The growth of non-EU-oriented output within sectors is modeled as unobservable deterministic heterogeneity. The results indicate that the gap observed in industrial output performance when comparing Eastern European to former Soviet countries is mainly explained by the inherited presence of EU-oriented production and its unconstrained growth over the transition period.

Exports and Imports --- Macroeconomics --- Industries: General --- Economic Growth of Open Economies --- Technological Change: Choices and Consequences --- Diffusion Processes --- Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: Factor and Product Markets --- Industry Studies --- Population --- Trade: General --- International Investment --- Long-term Capital Movements --- Industrial Organization: General --- Trade Policy --- International Trade Organizations --- Macroeconomics: Production --- International economics --- Finance --- Exports --- Foreign direct investment --- Industrial sector --- Trade liberalization --- Production growth --- International trade --- Balance of payments --- Economic sectors --- Production --- Investments, Foreign --- Industries --- Commercial policy --- Economic theory --- Bulgaria

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

The growth of agriculture output over the past 200 years has been phenomenal. When Malthus wrote in 1798, he perceived limits on agricultural production as serious and imminent. Since then world population has increased by six-fold and global agricultural production has more than kept pace. Falling real grain prices for most of the 20th Century are cited as evidence. The sources of the increase in food production, however, have been quite different and have come in distinct waves. For most of the 19th century, increased output came from expanded land area in production. Science-based agriculture is really a post-Mendel phenomenon. In the 20th century, new technology came in different forms. First, mechanical technology, particularly the tractor, made possible cultivating more acres and freed enormous areas used for producing fuel for draft animals, for food production. Improvements in breeding and agronomy in the middle part of the century opened the possibility of substantially increasing yields per unit of land through the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. As we look to the 21st century, this conference is asking a critical question about the role of knowledge, science and technology in meeting future global food needs.

Agricultural Extension Services --- Agricultural Knowledge & Information Systems --- Agricultural Research --- Agriculture --- Biotechnology --- Cancer --- Decentralization --- Deforestation --- Developed Countries --- Environment --- Environmental Economics & Policies --- Farming --- Food & Beverage Industry --- Food Production --- Food Security --- Global Warming --- Grains --- Green Revolution --- Industry --- Integrated Pest Management --- Intellectual Property Rights --- International Food Policy Research Institute --- Irrigation --- Maize --- Marketing --- Meat --- Natural Resources --- Pesticides --- Population Growth --- Private Sector --- Research Agenda --- Rice --- Risk Management --- Rural Development --- Trade Liberalization --- Trees --- Urbanization --- Water Pollution --- Wheat