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There is some talk about an antibiotic Armageddon, wherein untreatable post-operative infections and similarly untreatable complications after chemotherapy will occur. The now famous “O’Neill Report” suggests that, by 2050, more people could die from resistant bacterial infections than from cancer. We are still learning about all the subtle drivers of antibiotic resistance, realizing that we need a single “whole health” coordinated policy. We ingest what we sometimes feed to animals, yet there does not seem to be any new classes of antibiotics on the horizon. Maybe there is something that has been around forever that could could to our rescue: bacteriophages. Nevertheless, we have to do things differently. We must use antibiotics appropriately and for the correct indication, duration, and dosage with good practice and stewardship.. While by no means comprehensive, this book covers many topics regarding antibiotic stewardship. It also addresses older antibiotics, new combinations, and even new agents. Last but not least, this book features two excellent articles on bacteriophages. Refinements to animal models used in research for either human or animal benefit must be an ongoing aim for anyone working in this context, whether it be as an animal carrier, an animal user, a veterinarian, or an official. Unfortunately, the details of refinements are often overlooked in publications describing the research outcomes. This book includes manuscripts published in the Animals Special Issue “Refinements to Animal Models for Biomedical Research”. In this contemporary resource, we included 12 peer-reviewed papers that cover a range of approaches to the concept of refinement.

mouse --- blood sample --- well-being --- retrobulbar --- submandibular --- sublingual --- functional MRI --- rat anaesthesia --- refinement --- calves --- disbudding --- gene transcription --- cytokines --- pain --- meloxicam --- nCounter --- guinea pig --- Cavia porcellus --- captive bolt --- humane euthanasia --- laboratory animal --- humane killing --- piglet --- castration --- behaviour --- peri-operative --- vocalisation --- nociception --- neonate --- anaesthesia --- analgesia --- sheep --- survey --- preclinical research --- health --- nociceptive threshold --- horse --- cat --- dog --- camel --- 3R principles --- transdermal fentanyl patch --- grimace scores --- laboratory animals --- pain assessment --- rabbit --- postoperative analgesia --- facial expressions --- grimace scales --- mice --- rat --- animal research --- animal testing --- biomedical research --- history of science --- n/a

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Carotenoids represent a large group of isoprenoid structures with many different structural characteristics and biological activities. They are the most important of the naturally occurring pigments and are responsible for the various colors of different fruits, vegetables, and plant parts. Marine carotenoids and their unique structures are responsible for the color of many fish, shellfish, and algae. However, while there have been many papers and reviews on carotenoids of terrestrial origin, there has been relatively little research conducted on the impact of marine carotenoids on human health. Recent research efforts have revealed that marine carotenoids have strong biological activity affecting human health and are candidates for nutraceuticals. This Topical Collection of Marine Drugs is dedicated to marine carotenoids, and will focus on the benefits of carotenoids for human beings. For a better understanding of the physiological effects of marine carotenoids, this collection should include the most recent developments in the presence, analysis, chemistry, and biochemistry of marine carotenoids.

fucoxanthin --- scopolamine --- acetylcholinesterase --- Alzheimer’s disease --- cognitive impairments --- mytiloxanthin --- anti-oxidative activity --- singlet oxygen --- hydroxyl radical --- lipid peroxidation --- astaxanthin production --- carotenoids --- genome-reduced Corynebacterium glutamicum --- systematic approach --- metabolic engineering --- marine microalgae --- seaweeds --- nonconventional extraction --- electrotechnologies --- pulsed electric field-assisted extraction --- supercritical fluid extraction --- green processing --- microwave-assisted extraction --- marine drugs --- Bangia fuscopurpurea --- red algae --- lycopene cyclase --- carotenoid --- metabolism --- astaxanthin --- Escherichia coli --- β-carotene ketolase --- β-carotene hydroxylase --- Haematococcus pluvialis --- PII signaling protein --- nitrogen starvation --- gene cloning --- mRNA expression --- microalgae --- anti-angiogenic --- cardioprotective activity --- anti-cancer --- anti-diabetic --- anti-inflammatory --- anti-obesity --- anti-oxidant --- beauty --- Phaeodactylum tricornutum --- spectrophotometry --- high through-put screening --- antioxidants --- bioactive compounds --- blue biotechnology --- marine microorganisms --- ozonolysis --- apo-fucoxanthinone --- Caco-2 --- antiproliferative effect --- Pyropia yezoensis --- α-cryptoxanthin --- zeinoxanthin --- lutein-5,6-epoxide --- antheraxanthin --- carotenoid synthesis pathway --- red seaweed --- human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) --- astaxanthin (Asta) --- acrosome reaction --- cholera toxin subunit B (CTB) --- L1 protein --- cigarette smoke exposure --- p38 MAPK --- antioxidant inflammatory --- synaptic-associated plasticity --- comparative transcriptome analyses --- alcoholic liver disease --- bioinformatic analysis --- phytoene --- fluridone --- cosmeceuticals --- anti-obesity effect --- Phaeodactylum extract --- Coelastrum --- canthaxanthin --- lutein --- nanoemulsion --- sublingual delivery --- ascorbyl palmitate --- Franz cell --- alcoholic liver injury --- oxidative stress --- Nrf2 --- TLR4 --- chronic obstructive pulmonary disease --- nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 --- heme oxygenase-1 --- siphonaxanthin --- dehydro-metabolite --- white adipose tissue --- metabolic pathway in vivo --- stereochemistry --- Tigriopus --- copepod --- meso-zeaxanthin --- zeaxanthin --- reactive oxygen species --- immune system --- antioxidant --- antibiotics --- thermal stress --- disease --- halocynthiaxanthin --- intestinal absorption --- functional food --- apoptosis --- inflammation --- lipid metabolism --- high-fat diet