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Book
Road Quality and Mean Speed Score
Authors: ---
ISBN: 9798400210990 Year: 2022 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : International Monetary Fund,

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Abstract

We introduce a novel measure of cross-country road quality based on the travel mean speed between large cities from Google Maps. This measure is useful to assess road infrastructure and access gaps. Our Mean Speed (MS) score is easier to estimate and update than traditional gauges of road network quality which rely on official reports, surveys (i.e., World Economic Forum’s Quality of Roads Perception survey), or satellite imaging (i.e., World Bank’s Rural Access Index). In a sample of over 160 countries, we find that MS scores range between 38 km/h (23.6 mph) and 107 km/h (66.5 mph). We show that the MS score is a strong proxy for road quality and access.


Book
Doing More with Less: How Can Brazil Foster Development While Pursuing Fiscal Consolidation?
Authors: ---
ISBN: 1513519719 1513519700 Year: 2019 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : International Monetary Fund,

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Abstract

Following a benchmarking exercise, we estimate the spending required to reach satisfactory progress in the Sustainable Development Goals in the health, education, and infrastructure sectors in Brazil. We find that there is room for savings in education (up to 1.5 percentage point of GDP) and health (up to 2.5 percentage points of GDP) without compromising the quality of services but additional investments for over 3 percent of GDP per year are needed to close large infrastructure gaps in roads, water, and electricity by 2030. Brazil can do more with less, but increasing efficiency of public spending will require substantial reforms.


Book
Fiscal Policy and Development : Human, Social, and Physical Investments for the SDGs
Authors: --- --- --- ---
ISBN: 1484388917 1484394445 1484394437 Year: 2019 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : International Monetary Fund,

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Abstract

The goal of this paper is to estimate the additional annual spending required for meaningful progress on the SDGs in these areas. Our estimates refer to additional spending in 2030, relative to a baseline of current spending to GDP in these sectors. Toward this end, we apply an innovative costing methodology to a sample of 155 countries: 49 low- income developing countries, 72 emerging market economies, and 34 advanced economies. And we refine the analysis with five country studies: Rwanda, Benin, Vietnam, Indonesia, and Guatemala.


Book
Attaining Selected Sustainable Development Goals in Guatemala: Spending, Provision, and Financing Needs
Authors: ---
ISBN: 1498304524 1484398009 1498304508 Year: 2019 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : International Monetary Fund,

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Abstract

Raising living standards continues to be the main challenge facing Guatemala, as a matter of economic success and social cohesion. This paper discusses the spending, financing, and delivery capacity aspects of a viable development strategy for Guatemala couched within the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) agenda. Overall, Guatemala faces additional spending of about 8½ percent of GDP in 2030 to attain health, education, and roads, water, and sanitation infrastructure SDGs. While substantial, these cost estimates are commensurate with a well-defined financing strategy encompassing continuing tax administration efforts, broad-based tax reform, scaled-up private sector participation, and greater spending efficiency. Improving delivery capacities is also essential to secure access of those public goods to all Guatemalans, irrespective of their place of residence, ethnic group, or ability to pay.

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