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The typical size distribution of manufacturing plants in developing countries has a thick left tail compared to developed countries. The same holds across Indian states, with richer states having a much smaller share of their manufacturing employment in small plants. In this paper, I explore the hypothesis that this income-size relation arises from the fact that low income countries and states have high demand for low quality products which can be produced efficiently in small plants. I provide evidence which is consistent with this hypothesis from both the consumer and producer side. In particular, I show empirically that richer households buy higher price goods while larger plants produce higher price products (and use higher price inputs). I develop a model which matches these cross-sectional facts. The model features non-homothetic preferences with respect to quality on the consumer side. On the producer side, high quality production has higher marginal costs and requires higher fixed costs. These two features imply that high quality producers are larger on average and charge higher prices. The model can explain about forty percent of the cross-state variation in the left tail of manufacturing plants in India.

Factories --- Consumers --- Manufactures --- Industrial efficiency --- Efficiency, Industrial --- Industrial management --- Manufactured goods --- Manufactured products --- Products --- Products, Manufactured --- Commercial products --- Manufacturing industries --- Customers (Consumers) --- Shoppers --- Persons --- Factory buildings --- Industrial plants --- Manufacturing plants --- Mills (Buildings) --- Plants (Industrial buildings) --- Factory system --- Industrial buildings --- Mills and mill-work --- Workshops --- Econometric models. --- India --- Bharat --- Bhārata --- Government of India --- Ḣindiston Respublikasi --- Inde --- Indië --- Indien --- Indii︠a︡ --- Indland --- Indo --- Republic of India --- Sāthāranarat ʻIndīa --- Yin-tu --- インド --- هند --- Индия --- Supply and demand --- Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Agribusiness --- Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development --- Formal and Informal Sectors --- Shadow Economy --- Institutional Arrangements --- Informal Economy --- Underground Econom --- Economywide Country Studies: Asia including Middle East --- Employment --- Unemployment --- Wages --- Intergenerational Income Distribution --- Aggregate Human Capital --- Aggregate Labor Productivity --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Professional Labor Markets --- Occupational Licensing --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: General --- Agricultural Markets and Marketing --- Cooperatives --- Labour --- income economics --- Agriculture, agribusiness & food production industries --- Income --- Skilled labor --- Agroindustries --- National accounts --- Economic sectors --- Economic theory --- Labor market --- Agricultural industries --- Income economics

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Plant and equipment --- Architecture --- Industrial archeology --- Public buildings --- Belgium --- Architecture, Industrial --- Architecture industrielle --- Themes, motives. --- Thèmes, motifs --- -Architecture industrielle --- Patrimoine industriel --- Histoire --- Patrimoine architectural --- Themes, motives --- Belgique --- Archéologie industrielle --- Histoire industrielle --- Constructions industrielles --- Conservation --- 902:6 <493> --- -#A9503A --- 725.4 <493> --- 725 --- 725.4 --- 725.03 --- België --- Industriële architectuur ; België --- 725.41 --- architectuur --- industriële gebouwen --- industriële archeologie --- industrieel erfgoed --- 720.9493 --- Industrial architecture --- Archeologie-:-Biomedische wetenschappen. Ingenieurswetenschappen. Computerwetenschap. Grafische industrie. Uitgeverij--België --- Openbare, commerciële, industriële gebouwen --- Openbare, commerciële, industriële bouwwerken --- Industriegebouwen (architectuur) --- Industriële archeologie --- Openbare gebouwen ; industriegebouwen --- Arts Architecture Belgium --- Industrial buildings --- 902:6 <493> Archeologie-:-Biomedische wetenschappen. Ingenieurswetenschappen. Computerwetenschap. Grafische industrie. Uitgeverij--België --- Thèmes, motifs --- mercantile buildings --- bedrijfsgebouwen --- #A9503A --- Architecture, Industrial - - Themes, motives - Belgium --- -Belgique

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Many constructions are built with reinforced or prestressed concrete, and most of them are designed or expected to resist earthquake actions in addition to gravity loads. To limit the effects of seismic events on reinforced or prestressed concrete structures, many attempts have been made by researchers in order to (i) improve the knowledge of the response of materials (steel bars and concrete) and members by means of laboratory tests, (ii) develop numerical and capacity models, (iii) enhance procedures for the dynamic analysis and assessment of the seismic performance of structures and (iv) suggest innovative interventions for the seismic retrofit of old and damaged reinforced or prestressed concrete structures. This Special Issue is a collection of 11 important research works that cover a wide range of problems related to the previously mentioned research fields. Both researchers and practical engineers are expected to greatly benefit from this Special Issue in view of their own work and for a better comprehension of the response of r.c. members and structures.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- seismic retrofitting --- mainshock-damaged RC frame --- soft steel damper --- seismic performance --- mainshock-aftershock seismic sequence --- retrofitting --- modular --- finite element analysis --- flexural behavior --- ductility --- RC columns --- strengthening --- direct fastening --- steel jackets --- design procedure --- precast reinforced concrete deep beam --- experimental study --- finite element method (FEM) --- RC frames --- brick infills --- prior damage --- finite element analyses --- seismic joint --- FRP --- RC corroded columns --- localised corrosion --- numerical analyses --- modelling strategies --- cyclic actions --- seismic isolation --- asymmetric building --- mode-adaptive bidirectional pushover analysis (MABPA) --- seismic retrofit --- momentary energy input --- RC-framed skin --- seismic assessment --- nonlinear static analysis --- existing RC buildings --- retrofitting intervention --- column removal --- non-linear analysis --- progressive collapse --- reinforced concrete frame --- seismic response --- optimization --- curtailed shear wall --- buckling-restrained brace --- genetic algorithm --- seismic upgrading --- RC buildings --- industrial buildings --- industrial heritage --- steel exoskeletons --- photovoltaic plants --- n/a