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Diplomacy as a family business. The Casatis as Spanish-Milanese envoys in Lucerne and Chur (1660-1700)The astonishing family career of the Casatis contradicts widespread impressions of early modern diplomacy. This monograph explains how a Spanish-Milanese diplomatic dynasty shrewdly managed, using a highly complex network of confessional, social and cultural connections, to concentrate and deploy its resources upon key actors, and put itself beyond competition from potential challengers. “Other than following God and their own self-interest, this people knows no further impulse,” was the devastating judgment of Alfonso Casati in 1674 concerning the Swiss Confederates. The diplomats nonetheless had to accommodate the needs of these local hosts, or lose their trust and that of their royal employer, the Spanish king. In order to fulfill the demands placed upon him as a diplomat, Alfonso Casati, like most envoys in early modern Europe, periodically reached into his own pockets. In contrast to many contemporaries, however, he did not respond to the costly requirements of the job by seeking to be relieved of his duties. On the contrary, he laid the ground for ensuring that his own son became the fourth generation representative in a nearly continuous position held by the same family. Tapping extensive source materials which are interpreted from the perspective of various historical actors, this study not only reconstructs the position and influence of an extraordinary diplomatic family, but also shines new light on a colorful history of patronage, corruption and politics in the external relations of the Confederacy and Graubünden.

Diplomats --- Casati Family. --- Switzerland --- Spain --- Milan (Italy) --- History --- diplomacy --- spanish crown --- Alte Eidgenossenschaft --- Chur --- Frankreich --- Gesandter --- Luzern --- Madrid --- Mailand --- Spanien

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The broad host range pathogenic bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens has been widely studied as a model system to understand horizontal gene flow, secretion of effector proteins into host cells, and plant-pathogen interactions. Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation also is the major method for generating transgenic plants for research and biotechnology purposes. Agrobacterium species have the natural ability to conduct interkingdom genetic transfer from bacteria to eukaryotes, including most plant species, yeast, fungi, and even animal cells. In nature, A. tumefaciens causes crown gall disease resulting from expression in plants of auxin and cytokinin biosynthesis genes encoded by the transferred (T-) DNA. Gene transfer from A. tumefaciens to host cells requires virulence (vir) genes that reside on the resident tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid. In addition to T-DNA, several Virulence (Vir) effector proteins are also translocated to host cells through a bacterial type IV secretion system. These proteins aid in T-DNA trafficking through the host cell cytoplasm, nuclear targeting, and T-DNA integration. A recently discovered bacterial type VI secretion system may also export bacterial proteins and impact transformation. Genes within native T-DNAs can be replaced by any gene of interest, making Agrobacterium species important tools for plant research and genetic engineering. Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation is easy to use, relatively inexpensive, and generally results in a low copy number of transgene insertions when compared to other means of plant transformation, such as particle bombardment. In this research topic, we shall provide updated information on several important areas of Agrobacterium biology and its use for biotechnology purposes.

Agrobacterium. --- Pathogenic microorganisms. --- Plants --- Microbiology. --- Agrobacterium --- crown gall --- Quorum Sensing --- plant defense --- T DNA --- Virulence --- Biofilm --- Attachment --- genetic transformation --- Membrane lipid

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Criminal law --- Crime --- Crimes and misdemeanors --- Criminals --- Law, Criminal --- Penal codes --- Penal law --- Law and legislation --- Legal status, laws, etc. --- Pleas of the crown --- Public law --- Criminal justice, Administration of --- Criminal procedure --- Criminal law. --- Europe. --- European Union countries.

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Este trabajo ofrece la editio princeps del Cronicón de Guillem Mascaró (†1405), un beneficiado de la catedral de Barcelona. El Cronicón es transmitido por el manuscrito Barcelona, Biblioteca de Cataluña, 485, y está redactado en latín y en catalán. Presenta dos partes: la primera comienza con una cronología del mundo desde Adam hasta Jesucristo y concluye en 1397, la segunda comienza en el año 714 d. C. y finaliza en 1398. Completan el texto varias noticias sobre los años 1405-1406 y 1452. Entre sus fuentes se encuentran las Etymologiae de Isidoro de Sevilla, la Chronica de Sicardo de Cremona, el Speculum historiale de Vicente de Beauvais, la bula Vox in excelso del papa Clemente V y una compilación analística perteneciente a los denominados cronicones Barcinonenses. Esta edición aparece precedida de un estudio del manuscrito y de los contenidos de la obra y es completada por una traducción anotada de todo el relato histórico.

Arts & Humanities --- History --- Couronne d’Aragon --- Catalogne --- Barcelone --- Moyen Âge --- historiographie --- Guillem Mascaró --- Corona de Aragón --- Cataluña --- Barcelona --- Edad Media --- historiografía --- Crown of Aragon --- Catalonia --- Middle Ages --- historiography

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The present book deals with an historical Castilian legal institution (tanteo comunal) that, in the modern age, allowed villages by means of lawsuits brought to the royal council of Castile to repurchase the offices related to their local government (regidores), previously privatized by the crown. In this regard, a survey has been carried on not only through the judicial practice of the time but also through the coeval legal doctrines (doctrina). "Derecho dominical y tanteo comunal" aims also to outline a comparison with more archaic actions (actiones populares) which were used, until then, by local communities against the usurpers of their own properties (bienes comunales), in order to obtain their restitution. To this regard, the results of this research highlight the strong relationship between the acciones populares and the tanteo comunal. However the institutional reforms, later undertaken by the crown, deeply affected local government and eventually eclipsed this particular legal institution.

Law - Europe, except U.K. --- Law - Non-U.S. --- Law, Politics & Government --- Law of the Modern Age --- Crown --- Edad Moderna --- Local government --- Lawsuits --- Commons --- Derecho de la Edad Moderna --- History of law --- Historia del derecho --- Spain --- Castile