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G-quadruplexes (G4s) are nucleic acids secondary structures that form in DNA or RNA guanine (G)-rich strands. In recent years, the presence of G4s in microorganisms has attracted increasing interest. In prokaryotes, G4 sequences have been reported in several human pathogens. Bacterial enzymes able to process G4s have been identified. In viruses, G4s have been suggested to be involved in key steps of the viral life cycle: They have been associated with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), human papilloma virus, swine pseudorabies virus, and other viruses’ genomes. New evidence shows the presence of G4s in parasitic protozoa, such as the causative agent of malaria. G4 binding proteins and mRNA G4s have been implicated in the regulation of microorganisms’ genome replication and translation. G4 ligands have been developed and tested both as tools to study the complexity of G4-mediated mechanisms in the viral life cycle and as therapeutic agents. Moreover, new techniques to study G4 folding and their interactions with proteins have been developed. This Special Issue will focus on G4s present in microorganisms, addressing all the above aspects.

bacteria --- folding --- co-translational refolding --- RecQ helicase --- regulatory element --- conformational dynamics --- G4Hunter --- NDPK --- fluorescence --- pseudorabies virus --- Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) --- structure-activity relationship --- PhenDC3 --- eukaryotic hosts --- Herpesvirus --- translation suppression --- turn-on ligands --- co-transcriptional folding --- Herpesviridae --- G-quadruplex --- nucleoside diphosphate kinase --- nucleic acids --- nucleic acids conformation --- bioinformatics --- protein–DNA interaction --- aptamers --- deinococcus --- Alphaherpesvirinae --- EBNA1 --- G4 --- virus --- human papillomaviruses --- S. cerevisiae --- genome stability --- G-quadruplexes --- metastable structure --- genome evolution --- pyridostatin --- alphaherpesviruses --- structure --- protozoa --- genome --- G-quadruplex ligand --- NMR --- microbes --- DNA --- protein-mRNA interactions --- G-quadruplex formation --- immediate early promoters

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"Spin glasses are disordered magnetic systems that have led to the development of mathematical tools with an array of real-world applications, from airline scheduling to neural networks. Spin Glasses and Complexity offers the most concise, engaging, and accessible introduction to the subject, fully explaining what spin glasses are, why they are important, and how they are opening up new ways of thinking about complexity. This one-of-a-kind guide to spin glasses begins by explaining the fundamentals of order and symmetry in condensed matter physics and how spin glasses fit into--and modify--this framework. It then explores how spin-glass concepts and ideas have found applications in areas as diverse as computational complexity, biological and artificial neural networks, protein folding, immune response maturation, combinatorial optimization, and social network modeling. Providing an essential overview of the history, science, and growing significance of this exciting field, Spin Glasses and Complexity also features a forward-looking discussion of what spin glasses may teach us in the future about complex systems. This is a must-have book for students and practitioners in the natural and social sciences, with new material even for the experts"--

Computational complexity. --- Spin glasses. --- Glasses, Magnetic --- Glasses, Spin --- Magnetic glasses --- Complexity, Computational --- 530.412 --- Magnetic alloys --- Nuclear spin --- Solid state physics --- Electronic data processing --- Machine theory --- EdwardsЁnderson Hamiltonian. --- EdwardsЁnderson model. --- Hamiltonian. --- Herb Simon. --- Kondo effect. --- NK model. --- Phil Anderson. --- SherringtonЋirkpatrick model. --- Warren Weaver. --- antiferromagnetism. --- broken symmetry. --- combinatorial optimization. --- complex systems. --- complexity studies. --- complexity. --- computational complexity. --- computer science. --- condensed matter physics. --- condensed matter. --- dimension. --- dimensionality. --- dynamical behavior. --- ferromagnetism. --- ground state. --- immune response maturation. --- invariance. --- magnetic alloys. --- magnetic materials. --- magnetic systems. --- mathematicians. --- mean field theory. --- neural networks. --- nonequilibrium. --- order parameter. --- order. --- ordinary glasses. --- paramagnetism. --- phase transition. --- phase transitions. --- physics. --- prebiotic evolution. --- protein conformational dynamics. --- protein conformational folding. --- protein folding. --- quenched disorder. --- replica symmetry breaking. --- social network modeling. --- solid state magnetism. --- spin glass science. --- spin glasses. --- spin. --- spinгpin interaction. --- symmetry. --- thermodynamic equilibrium. --- thermodynamics.