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Book
Bernoulli's fallacy : statistical illogic and the crisis of modern science
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ISBN: 0231553358 Year: 2021 Publisher: New York : Columbia University Press,

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Abstract

"There is a logical flaw in the statistical methods used across experimental science. This fault is not just a minor academic quibble: it underlies a reproducibility crisis now threatening entire disciplines. In an increasingly data-reliant culture, this same deeply rooted error shapes decisions in medicine, law, and public policy with profound consequences. The foundation of the problem is a misunderstanding of probability and our ability to make inferences from data. Aubrey Clayton traces the history of how statistics went astray, beginning with the groundbreaking work of the seventeenth-century mathematician Jacob Bernoulli and winding through gambling, astronomy, and genetics. He recounts the feuds among rival schools of statistics, exploring the surprisingly human problems that gave rise to the discipline and the all-too-human shortcomings that derailed it. Clayton highlights how influential nineteenth- and twentieth-century figures developed a statistical methodology they claimed was purely objective in order to silence critics of their political agendas, including eugenics. Clayton provides a clear account of the mathematics and logic of probability, conveying complex concepts accessibly for readers interested in the statistical methods that frame our understanding of the world. He contends that we need to take a Bayesian approach-incorporating prior knowledge when reasoning with incomplete information-in order to resolve the crisis. Ranging across math, philosophy, and culture, Bernoulli's Fallacy explains why something has gone wrong with how we use data-and how to fix it"--

Positive definite matrices.
Author:
ISBN: 1282129740 9786612129742 1400827787 9781400827787 9781282129740 0691129185 9780691129181 6612129743 Year: 2007 Publisher: Princeton Princeton University Press

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This book represents the first synthesis of the considerable body of new research into positive definite matrices. These matrices play the same role in noncommutative analysis as positive real numbers do in classical analysis. They have theoretical and computational uses across a broad spectrum of disciplines, including calculus, electrical engineering, statistics, physics, numerical analysis, quantum information theory, and geometry. Through detailed explanations and an authoritative and inspiring writing style, Rajendra Bhatia carefully develops general techniques that have wide applications in the study of such matrices. Bhatia introduces several key topics in functional analysis, operator theory, harmonic analysis, and differential geometry--all built around the central theme of positive definite matrices. He discusses positive and completely positive linear maps, and presents major theorems with simple and direct proofs. He examines matrix means and their applications, and shows how to use positive definite functions to derive operator inequalities that he and others proved in recent years. He guides the reader through the differential geometry of the manifold of positive definite matrices, and explains recent work on the geometric mean of several matrices. Positive Definite Matrices is an informative and useful reference book for mathematicians and other researchers and practitioners. The numerous exercises and notes at the end of each chapter also make it the ideal textbook for graduate-level courses.

Keywords

Matrices. --- Algebra, Matrix --- Cracovians (Mathematics) --- Matrix algebra --- Matrixes (Algebra) --- Algebra, Abstract --- Algebra, Universal --- Matrices --- 512.64 --- 512.64 Linear and multilinear algebra. Matrix theory --- Linear and multilinear algebra. Matrix theory --- Addition. --- Analytic continuation. --- Arithmetic mean. --- Banach space. --- Binomial theorem. --- Block matrix. --- Bochner's theorem. --- Calculation. --- Cauchy matrix. --- Cauchy–Schwarz inequality. --- Characteristic polynomial. --- Coefficient. --- Commutative property. --- Compact space. --- Completely positive map. --- Complex number. --- Computation. --- Continuous function. --- Convex combination. --- Convex function. --- Convex set. --- Corollary. --- Density matrix. --- Diagonal matrix. --- Differential geometry. --- Eigenvalues and eigenvectors. --- Equation. --- Equivalence relation. --- Existential quantification. --- Extreme point. --- Fourier transform. --- Functional analysis. --- Fundamental theorem. --- G. H. Hardy. --- Gamma function. --- Geometric mean. --- Geometry. --- Hadamard product (matrices). --- Hahn–Banach theorem. --- Harmonic analysis. --- Hermitian matrix. --- Hilbert space. --- Hyperbolic function. --- Infimum and supremum. --- Infinite divisibility (probability). --- Invertible matrix. --- Lecture. --- Linear algebra. --- Linear map. --- Logarithm. --- Logarithmic mean. --- Mathematics. --- Matrix (mathematics). --- Matrix analysis. --- Matrix unit. --- Metric space. --- Monotonic function. --- Natural number. --- Open set. --- Operator algebra. --- Operator system. --- Orthonormal basis. --- Partial trace. --- Positive definiteness. --- Positive element. --- Positive map. --- Positive semidefinite. --- Positive-definite function. --- Positive-definite matrix. --- Probability measure. --- Probability. --- Projection (linear algebra). --- Quantity. --- Quantum computing. --- Quantum information. --- Quantum statistical mechanics. --- Real number. --- Riccati equation. --- Riemannian geometry. --- Riemannian manifold. --- Riesz representation theorem. --- Right half-plane. --- Schur complement. --- Schur's theorem. --- Scientific notation. --- Self-adjoint operator. --- Sign (mathematics). --- Special case. --- Spectral theorem. --- Square root. --- Standard basis. --- Summation. --- Tensor product. --- Theorem. --- Toeplitz matrix. --- Unit vector. --- Unitary matrix. --- Unitary operator. --- Upper half-plane. --- Variable (mathematics).

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