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This four-volume work represents the most comprehensive documentation and study of the creation of general relativity; one of the fundamental physical theories of the 20th century. It comprises key sources from Einstein and others who from the late 19th to the early 20th century contributed to this monumental development. Some of these sources are presented here in translation for the first time. Einstein’s famous Zurich notebook, which documents the pivotal steps toward general relativity, is reproduced here for the first time and transcribed in its entirety. The volumes offer detailed commentaries and analyses of these sources that are based on a close reading of these documents supplemented by interpretations by the leading historians of relativity. All in all, the facets of this work, based on more than a decade of research, combine to constitute one of the most in-depth studies of a scientific revolution ever written.

kennisleer --- Pure sciences. Natural sciences (general) --- Theory of knowledge --- filosofie --- epistomologie --- Philosophy of nature --- Philosophy of science --- wetenschapsgeschiedenis --- epistemologists --- Philosophy --- General relativity (Physics) --- Relativity (Physics) --- Gravitation --- Nonrelativistic quantum mechanics --- Space and time --- Relativistic theory of gravitation --- Relativity theory, General --- Physics --- Einstein, Albert --- Einstein, Albert, --- General relativity (Physics). --- Relativity (Physics). --- Philosophy (General). --- History. --- Genetic epistemology. --- Philosophy of nature. --- Science --- Classical and Quantum Gravitation, Relativity Theory. --- Philosophy, general. --- History of Science. --- Epistemology. --- Philosophy of Nature. --- Philosophy of Science. --- Philosophy. --- Normal science --- Nature --- Nature, Philosophy of --- Natural theology --- Developmental psychology --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Annals --- Auxiliary sciences of history --- Gravitation. --- Philosophy and science. --- Science and philosophy --- Epistemology --- Psychology --- Mental philosophy --- Humanities --- Field theory (Physics) --- Matter --- Antigravity --- Centrifugal force --- Properties --- Aiyinsitan, Abote, --- Aĭnshtaĭn, Albert, --- Ainshutain, A, --- Ain̲sṭain̲, Ālparṭ, --- Ainsṭāina, Albarṭa, --- Ajnštajn, Albert, --- Āynishtayn, --- Aynshtayn, Albert, --- Eĭnshteĭn, Alʹbert, --- אינשטין, אלברט, --- איינשטיין --- איינשטיין, אלבערט, --- איינשטיין, אלברט --- איינשטיין, אלברט, --- Aynştayn, Elbêrt, --- Īnshtīn, --- Aynîştayn, --- Aiyinsitan, --- 愛因斯坦, --- 爱因斯坦,

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The book presents Guidobaldo del Monte's first book from 1577, the Mechanicorum liber, which is reprinted here in a facsimile edition. The book is a comprehensive treatise on mechanics dealing with the five simple machines, the lever, the pulley, the wheel on an axle, the wedge and the screw. Their properties were in turn derived from the workings of the balance and the lever. The idea that every mechanism can be reduced to these five simple machines goes back to Heron of Alexandria and has been transmitted to the early modern period by Pappus, while the foundational role of balance and lever goes back to the Problemata mechanica ascribed to Aristotle.

Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Applied Mathematics --- early modern period --- MPRL --- Edition Open Access --- mechanics --- history of science

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Giovanni Battista Benedetti is counted as one of the most brilliant mathematical and philosophical minds of the late Italian Renaissance. However, the theoretical and historical relevance of his work is still obscure in many respects. This is due to several factors, principal among which is the relative rarity of his major work, Diversarum speculationum mathematicarum et physicarum liber (Book including various mathematical and physical speculations), 1585. This work was a major contribution to Renaissance science, especially due to its insights on mechanics, the mathematical approach to natural investigation, and the connection of celestial and terrestrial dynamics in a post-Copernican perspective. The first edition was an elegant folio, which includes heterogeneous writings not only on mathematics and physics but also on technical and philosophical issues. Benedetti presented these as short treatises or letters addressed to gentlemen, courtiers, scholars, engineers, and practitioners of different arts. The Diversae speculationes appeared in a series of prestigious volumes aimed at celebrating the magnificence of the court and the capital. It aimed to make the quality of the court mathematician’s research and skills publicly appreciable. It also bore witness to the intensity of the cultural debates going on in Turin or connecting it with other centers, especially Venice. This open access edition makes the Benedetti’s work accessible to a large scholarly readership. In the extensive introduction, his achievement is presented in its rich complexity. Benedetti is emblematic of his time and of the non-linearity of the historical process of Renaissance science with its multicentric institutions and scientific networks. The apparent fragmentary nature of his work hides a fundamental unity of the conception and the method, both of which rest on geometry. Benedetti regarded mechanics as a model, but he enlarged his perspective to include the most varied fields of investigation and concretely to demonstrate the fruitfulness of his approach to universal knowledge, astronomy, physics, meteorology, and even to ethics. Edition Open Sources (EOS) pioneers a new paradigm in the publishing of historical sources. Academic editions of primary sources in the history of science are published in online, digital, and print formats that present facsimiles, transcriptions, and often translations of original works with an introduction to the author, the text, and the context in which it was written. The sources are historical books, manuscripts, documents, or other archival materials that are otherwise difficult to access. EOS is a cooperation between the University of Oklahoma Libraries, the Department for the History of Science der University of Oklahoma, and the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science.

MPRL --- Edition Open Access --- history of science

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This volume reviews conceptual conflicts at the foundations of physics now and in the past century.  The focus is on the conditions and consequences of Einstein’s pathbreaking achievements that sealed the decline of the classical notions of space, time, radiation, and matter, and resulted in the theory of relativity.  Particular attention is paid to the implications of conceptual conflicts for scientific views of the world at large, thus providing the basis for a comparison of the demise of the mechanical worldview at the turn of the 20th century with the challenges presented by cosmology at the turn of the 21st century. Throughout the work, Einstein’s contributions are not seen in isolation but instead set into the wider intellectual context of dealing with the problem of gravitation in the twilight of classical physics; the investigation of the historical development is carried out with a number of epistemological questions in mind, concerning, in particular, the transformation process of knowledge associated with the changing worldviews of physics. Einstein and the Changing Worldviews of Physics is divided into four main parts: * Part I: At the Limits of the Classical Worldview; * Part II: Contexts of the Relativity Revolution; * Part III: The Emergence of the Relativistic Worldview; * Part IV: A New Worldview in the Making. The contributions explore various aspects of the emerging relativistic views in modern physics by giving an historical, philosophical, and mathematical account of Einstein’s work, as well as the work of other distinguished physicists in the field.  Taken as a whole, the book is focused on the interplay between mathematical concepts and physical ideas throughout history by studying today’s scientific world and how it continues to redefine physics in the 21st century. Contributors: A. Ashtekar, E. Battaner, J.E. Beckman, K.A. Brading, T. Dray, J. Eisenstaedt, E. Florido, H.F. Goenner, D. Kennefick, J. Renn, T.A. Ryckman, D.C. Salisbury, J.M. Sánchez-Ron, M. Schemmel, R. Schulmann, B.F. Schutz, J.M.M. Senovilla, A.T. Tolmasquim, R.M. Wald, G. Wolters.

Einstein, Albert, 1879-1955. --- General relativity (Physics) -- History. --- General relativity (Physics). --- General relativity (Physics) --- Physics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Atomic Physics --- History --- Einstein, Albert, --- Relativistic theory of gravitation --- Relativity theory, General --- Mathematics. --- History. --- Mathematical physics. --- Gravitation. --- Astronomy. --- Astrophysics. --- Cosmology. --- Physics. --- History of Mathematical Sciences. --- Classical and Quantum Gravitation, Relativity Theory. --- Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology. --- Mathematical Physics. --- History and Philosophical Foundations of Physics. --- Gravitation --- Relativity (Physics) --- Natural philosophy --- Philosophy, Natural --- Physical sciences --- Dynamics --- Physical mathematics --- Astronomical physics --- Astronomy --- Cosmic physics --- Field theory (Physics) --- Matter --- Antigravity --- Centrifugal force --- Annals --- Auxiliary sciences of history --- Math --- Science --- Mathematics --- Properties --- Einstein, Albert --- Aiyinsitan, Abote, --- Aĭnshtaĭn, Albert, --- Ainshutain, A, --- Ain̲sṭain̲, Ālparṭ, --- Ainsṭāina, Albarṭa, --- Ajnštajn, Albert, --- Āynishtayn, --- Aynshtayn, Albert, --- Eĭnshteĭn, Alʹbert, --- אינשטין, אלברט, --- איינשטיין --- איינשטיין, אלבערט, --- איינשטיין, אלברט --- איינשטיין, אלברט, --- Aynştayn, Elbêrt, --- Īnshtīn, --- Aynîştayn, --- Aiyinsitan, --- 愛因斯坦, --- 爱因斯坦, --- Classical and Quantum Gravity. --- Astronomy, Cosmology and Space Sciences. --- Philosophical Foundations of Physics and Astronomy. --- Philosophy.

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This contributed volume explores the renaissance of general relativity after World War II, when it transformed from a marginal theory into a cornerstone of modern physics. Chapters explore key historical processes related to the theory of general relativity, in addition to presenting a thorough treatment of the relevant science behind these episodes. A broad historiographical framework is introduced first, thus providing the broad context in which the given computational approaches and case studies occurred. Written by an international and interdisciplinary group of expert authors, these chapters will bring readers to a more complete understanding of Einstein’s theory. Specific topics include: Social and citation networks The Fock-Infeld dispute Wheeler’s turn to gravitation theory The position of general relativity in theories of fundamental interactions The pursuit of a quantum theory of gravity The emergence of dark matter in relation to cosmological models Institutional frameworks for gravitational wave search in Europe The Renaissance of General Relativity in Context is ideal for historians, philosophers, and sociologists of science. Students and researchers in physics will also be interested in the topics explored.

Mathematics. --- History. --- Gravitation. --- Mathematical physics. --- History of Mathematical Sciences. --- Classical and Quantum Gravitation, Relativity Theory. --- Mathematical Physics. --- Physical mathematics --- Physics --- Field theory (Physics) --- Matter --- Antigravity --- Centrifugal force --- Relativity (Physics) --- Annals --- Auxiliary sciences of history --- Math --- Science --- Mathematics --- Properties --- General relativity (Physics) --- Relativistic theory of gravitation --- Relativity theory, General --- Gravitation