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The editors and contributors to this volume should be justifiably proud of their participation in the tenth triennial meeting of the Chemical Signals in Vertebrates International Symposium. This meeting was held 27 years after the initial gathering of participants in Saratoga Springs, New York from June 6* to 9*, 1976. Subsequent meetings have been held every three years in Syracuse, New York; Sarasota, Florida; Laramie, Wyoming; Oxford, England; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Tubingen, Germany; Ithaca, New York; and Krakow, Poland. This tenth aimiversary symposium was held from July 29* through August 1*' in Corvallis, Oregon and was hosted by the Zoology Department and Biology Programs of Oregon State University. This book also represents the tenth in a series of books on chemical communication, chemical ecology, olfactory and vomeronasal research in vertebrate species. The species covered in the chapters herein range from fish to mammals including humans. By taxonomic breakdown the mammals are the most represented in number of species and chapter contributions. However, the hosts of the meeting endeavored to have some representative contributions covering all of the major vertebrate taxa. As in past years, the meeting was well-represented with just over 100 participants from 13 different nations. Plenary talks focused on some of the non-mammalian groups that have tended to be less represented in these symposia. Thus, we had a very nice overview of comparisons and contrasts of invertebrate chemical commimication to vertebrate systems.

Chemical senses --- Vertebrates --- Physiology --- Ecology. --- Evolution (Biology). --- Vertebrates. --- Zoology. --- Evolutionary Biology. --- Biology --- Natural history --- Animals --- Vertebrata --- Chordata --- Animal evolution --- Biological evolution --- Darwinism --- Evolutionary biology --- Evolutionary science --- Origin of species --- Evolution --- Biological fitness --- Homoplasy --- Natural selection --- Phylogeny --- Balance of nature --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Environmental sciences --- Population biology --- Ecology --- Ecology . --- Evolutionary biology.

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Much of our knowledge of stem cells has been inferred from studies of remarkable few species. The ability to manipulate stem cells in “model” organisms such as the mouse and a few other vertebrate species has driven our understanding of basic biology of stem cells. The power and efficiency of studying model organisms, however, comes at a cost since a few species, obviously, do not reflect nature´s true diversity. Unfortunately, although all multicellular organisms seem to rely on stem cells, and although this seems to be a question of key importance for understanding the evolution of animal life, little is known about stem cells in early-branching taxa. “Stem Cells: From Hydra to Man” illustrates that there is more than human and mouse stem cells to learn from. Reflecting an enormous growth in the knowledge of stem cells in various organisms, the book presents the conceptual language and the nature of questions, as well as a summary of the advances in our understanding of stem cells from a comparative point of view that has resulted from the development of new technology and the development of novel model organisms over the past few decades. As such this book is largely a horizon analysis of a frontier rather than a retrospective. It presents an integrative approach to animal stem cells and covers the major contributions, tools and trends in a newly emerging field: comparative stem cell biology.

Stem cells. --- Physiology, Comparative. --- Comparative physiology --- Medicine, Comparative --- Zoology --- Colony-forming units (Cells) --- Mother cells --- Progenitor cells --- Cells --- Cytology. --- Developmental biology. --- Evolution (Biology). --- Cell Biology. --- Developmental Biology. --- Evolutionary Biology. --- Animal evolution --- Animals --- Biological evolution --- Darwinism --- Evolutionary biology --- Evolutionary science --- Origin of species --- Biology --- Evolution --- Biological fitness --- Homoplasy --- Natural selection --- Phylogeny --- Development (Biology) --- Growth --- Ontogeny --- Cell biology --- Cellular biology --- Cytologists --- Cell biology. --- Evolutionary biology.

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Bacteria change the surface of the Earth. All kinds of bacteria reside in the biosphere, and although sometimes they may cause damage, they also help in cleaning the surface of the Earth and in the circulation of various substances. Chemolithoautotrophic bacteria in particular have a unique and intimate relationship with inorganic substances and human beings. This book covers in detail advances in the biochemistry and physiology of several chemolithoautotrophic bacteria as well as their relationship to certain environments. Included are recent findings regarding the oxidation mechanisms of ammonia, nitrite, sulfur compounds, and ferrous iron by special bacteria. The characteristics of many cytochromes are described to further advance the understanding of bacterial oxidation systems of inorganic compounds. Applications of bacteria, such as in sewage treatment and in biohydometallurgy, among others, are detailed, and bacteria considered closest to the origins of life are discussed in the final chapter.

Chemoautotrophic bacteria. --- Bacteriology. --- Biochemistry. --- Evolution (Biology) --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Biology --- Chemistry --- Medical sciences --- Microbiology --- Composition --- Animal evolution --- Animals --- Biological evolution --- Darwinism --- Evolutionary biology --- Evolutionary science --- Origin of species --- Evolution --- Biological fitness --- Homoplasy --- Natural selection --- Phylogeny --- Bacteria, Chemoautotrophic --- Autotrophic bacteria --- Microbiology. --- Microbial ecology. --- Evolution (Biology). --- Microbial Ecology. --- Evolutionary Biology. --- Biochemistry, general. --- Environmental microbiology --- Microorganisms --- Ecology --- Microbial biology --- Evolutionary biology.

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This book facilitates an integrative understanding of the development, genetics and evolution of butterfly wing patterns. To develop a deep and realistic understanding of the diversity and evolution of butterfly wing patterns, it is essential and necessary to approach the problem from various kinds of key research fields such as “evo-devo,” “eco-devo,” ”developmental genetics,” “ecology and adaptation,” “food plants,” and “theoretical modeling.” The past decade-and-a-half has seen a veritable revolution in our understanding of the development, genetics and evolution of butterfly wing patterns. In addition, studies of how environmental and climatic factors affect the expression of color patterns has led to increasingly deeper understanding of the pervasiveness and underlying mechanisms of phenotypic plasticity. In recognition of the great progress in research on the biology, an international meeting titled “Integrative Approach to Understanding the Diversity of Butterfly Wing Patterns (IABP-2016)” was held at Chubu University, Japan in August 2016. This book consists of selected contributions from the meeting. Authors include main active researchers of new findings of corresponding genes as well as world leaders in both experimental and theoretical approaches to wing color patterns. The book provides excellent case studies for graduate and undergraduate classes in evolution, genetics/genomics, developmental biology, ecology, biochemistry, and also theoretical biology, opening the door to a new era in the integrative approach to the analysis of biological problems.  This book is open access under a CC BY 4.0 license. .

Life sciences. --- Developmental biology. --- Evolutionary biology. --- Animal genetics. --- Entomology. --- Biomathematics. --- Life Sciences. --- Animal Genetics and Genomics. --- Evolutionary Biology. --- Mathematical and Computational Biology. --- Developmental Biology. --- Development (Biology) --- Biology --- Growth --- Ontogeny --- Biosciences --- Sciences, Life --- Science --- Mathematics --- Insects --- Zoology --- Genetics --- Animal evolution --- Animals --- Biological evolution --- Darwinism --- Evolutionary biology --- Evolutionary science --- Origin of species --- Evolution --- Biological fitness --- Homoplasy --- Natural selection --- Phylogeny --- Evolution (Biology). --- nymphalid --- ecology --- evolution --- genetics --- mimicry

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"Xuhua Xia’s Bioinformatics and the Cell is a welcome addition to the bourgeoning field of bioinformatics text books. Xia stakes out a too-often neglected middle ground in bioinformatics by presenting a work that emphasizes methods’ biological utility without eschewing algorithmic formalism. Readers will find a well-rounded presentation of bioinformatics techniques employed in genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics – unified throughout by the common theme of molecular evolution." - I. King Jordan, School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology "Bioinformatics and the Cell is a remarkable book because it integrates the more technical and mathematical aspects of bioinformatics with concrete examples of their application to current research problems in molecular and cellular biology. I believe that this broad, unified approach is made possible, in large part, by the very wide scope of Dr. Xia’s own research experience. The integration of genomics, proteomics and transcriptomics into a single volume makes this book required reading for students entering the new and emerging field of Systems Biology. This is truly a path breaking book." - Donal Hickey, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Bioinformatics and the Cell is the first book with comprehensive numerical illustration of mathematical techniques and computational algorithms used in bioinformatics to convert the rapidly increasing molecular data into organized biological knowledge, with a focus on interactions among DNA, RNA and proteins in the cell. A sample of the illustrated algorithms includes: String matching algorithms with associated statistics Sequence alignment with the affine function and profile alignment for multiple sequence alignment Contig assembly algorithms Perceptrons Hidden Markov models Gibbs sampler Self-organizing map Algorithms in molecular phylogenetics EM algorithm for maximum likelihood calculation Monte Carlo integration and Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms for Bayesian inference Mass deconvolution and computational methods for peptide mass fingerprinting By rendering both mathematics and biology to numbers, this book should appeal not only to biologists, but also to mathematicians, biostatisticians, and computational scientists, especially those younger ones with an ambition to conquer the rough terrain of bioinformatics. Dr. Xuhua Xia obtained his PhD in population biology at University of Western Ontario in 1990 and made his entry into molecular evolution and phylogenetics at University of Washington in 1993. He was recruited by University of Hong Kong in 1996 as an assistant professor, and served as a senior scientist and the founding head of the Bioinformatics Laboratory of HKU-Pasteur Research Centre. Dr. Xia joined University of Ottawa in 2002 where he is cross-appointed to both Biology Department and the School of Information Technology Engineering. He is an active member in the Center for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics and the Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology. His web site is at http://dambe.bio.uottawa.ca.

Bioinformatics. --- Genomics --- Proteomics --- Data processing. --- Bio-informatics --- Biological informatics --- Biology --- Information science --- Computational biology --- Systems biology --- Data processing --- Molecular biology --- Proteins --- Genome research --- Genomes --- Molecular genetics --- Research --- Biochemistry. --- Proteomics. --- Cytology. --- Evolution (Biology). --- Biochemistry, general. --- Cell Biology. --- Evolutionary Biology. --- Animal evolution --- Animals --- Biological evolution --- Darwinism --- Evolutionary biology --- Evolutionary science --- Origin of species --- Evolution --- Biological fitness --- Homoplasy --- Natural selection --- Phylogeny --- Cell biology --- Cellular biology --- Cells --- Cytologists --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Chemistry --- Medical sciences --- Composition --- Cell biology. --- Evolutionary biology.