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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

Science: general issues --- Neurosciences --- sleep --- sleep need --- arousal --- sleep-wake cycle --- wakefulness --- sleep --- sleep need --- arousal --- sleep-wake cycle --- wakefulness

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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

Medicine --- Unmet therapeutical need --- innovative --- early stage --- rapidly evolving --- minimally invasive --- Unmet therapeutical need --- innovative --- early stage --- rapidly evolving --- minimally invasive

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Until recently, philosophers tended to be suspicious of the concept of need. Contributors to this volume build on recent work establishing its philosophical importance. David Wiggins, Gillian Brock and John O'Neill propose remedies for some mistakes made in ignoring or marginalising need, for example in need-free theories of rationality or justice. Christopher Rowe, Soran Reader and Sarah Miller highlight insights that emerge when the concept of need is explored through Plato, Aristotle and Kant - and others that emerge when historical work is seen through the lens of need. Jonathan Lowe and Garrett Thomson consider the role need plays in the philosophies of action and mind. Bill Wringe, David Braybrooke and Sabina Alkire debate how our obligations relating to need are best understood and articulated, and how we can best ensure they are fulfilled, exploring for example how talk of need is related to talk of rights, well-being or capability.

Political philosophy. Social philosophy --- General ethics --- Need (Philosophy) --- Philosophy --- Arts and Humanities

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What is fair? The choice of an allocation norm, whether it be need, merit or equality, can either foster cooperation or conflict. Because of the general irreconcilability of these principles of justice, people are forced to make complex trade-offs when allocating resources. The resulting decisions are shaped by individual factors and context, but also the situation in which an allocation problem arises. Addressing these three levels simultaneously and taking the inherent interdependency of outcomes into consideration, this book adheres to a mechanism-based approach. Its findings support a functionalist perspective on distributive justice, highlighting the inherent relevance of the relational structure for the choice of allocation norms. Was ist gerecht? Die Wahl einer Allokationsnorm, sei es Gleichheit, Bedarf oder Leistung, kann zu Kooperation führen oder Konflikte begünstigen. Da diese Prinzipien generell unvereinbar sind, sind Menschen bei Verteilungsproblemen gezwungen komplexe Abwägungen zu machen. Ihre Entscheidungen sind dabei von individuellen, kontextuellen sowie situationellen Faktoren beeinflusst. Dieses Buch verfolgt einen Mechanismen-basierten Ansatz, der diese drei Ebenen berücksichtigt und dem Umstand Rechnung trägt, dass die Outcomes bei Verteilungsproblemen interdependent sind. Die Resultate sind in Einklang mit einer funktionalistischen Perspektive und verdeutlichen die inhärente Relevanz der Beziehungsstruktur für die Wahl von Gerechtigkeitsprinzipien.

, JMH, LAQ --- equality, Gerechtigkeit, Gesellschaft, Gleichheit, Individual, Society, distributive justice, distributional survey experiments, allocation norms, fairness, merit, need --- equality, Gerechtigkeit, Gesellschaft, Gleichheit, Individual, Society, distributive justice, distributional survey experiments, allocation norms, fairness, merit, need

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Education of pupils with learning disabilities has been in the centre of attention of teachers, parents as well as the general public. When solving our project we verified several ways of teaching mathematics at an ordinary primary school, which might help included pupils to handle some of their problems with this subject. Key activities had been prepared in order to introduce new approaches to teaching pupils with learning disorders in heterogeneous classes, with respect to development and strengthening of pupils' competences. Our project gave a positive outcome in changing attitudes of the included pupils to mathematics and improvement of their results. Also, the structured way of teaching mathematics helped most pupils in the class.

Educational: Mathematics & numeracy --- didactis of mathematics --- specific educational need --- learning disorders --- dyscalculia --- inclusion --- School education --- Educational Psychology --- Cognitive Psychology --- Developmental Psychology --- Organizational Psychology --- Inclusive Education / Inclusion --- Pedagogy