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The proposed book is a compilation of a Special Issue on “Leaching of Rare Earth Elements from Various Sources”, published in the journal Minerals in 2020. There are 10 papers contributed by experts in the area, and these can be grouped into four categories: leaching from low-grade ores including coal, clay, soil, and red mud; pre-treatment and leaching; recycling; and precipitation and nano-hydrometallurgy. Although these articles are available in the journal Minerals, it is convenient to compile the most valuable information into a book form so that scholars and industrial practitioners can have easy access to it when they need it where the Internet is not easily available. I strongly believe that the book on a very specialized topic matter such as modern extraction technologies of rare earth elements will contribute greatly to the fast-growing industry that needs rare earth elements.

Technology: general issues --- precipitation --- leaching --- complexation --- anion effect --- equilibrium calculation --- rare earth elements --- magnets --- recycling --- recovery --- fluorides --- modelling --- clay minerals --- grain size characteristics --- in situ leaching --- simulated leaching --- ion-absorbed type rare earth ore --- coal --- acid mine drainage --- coal combustion byproducts --- kinetics --- apparent activation energy --- rare-earth elements --- scandium --- alumina production --- sinter processes --- red mud --- electrostatic precipitation dust --- alkali leaching --- lanthanide separation --- magnetic nanohydrometallurgy --- complexing nanoparticles --- magnetic nanoparticles --- magnetophoresis --- monazite processing --- urban mining --- REE --- sulfuric acid baking --- caustic digestion --- acid leaching --- water leaching --- coal utilization byproducts --- pregnant leach solution --- underclay --- organic acid --- rare earths --- distribution factor --- selective precipitation --- oxalates --- organic complexes

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Emerging wide bandgap (WBG) semiconductors hold the potential to advance the global industry in the same way that, more than 50 years ago, the invention of the silicon (Si) chip enabled the modern computer era. SiC- and GaN-based devices are starting to become more commercially available. Smaller, faster, and more efficient than their counterpart Si-based components, these WBG devices also offer greater expected reliability in tougher operating conditions. Furthermore, in this frame, a new class of microelectronic-grade semiconducting materials that have an even larger bandgap than the previously established wide bandgap semiconductors, such as GaN and SiC, have been created, and are thus referred to as “ultra-wide bandgap” materials. These materials, which include AlGaN, AlN, diamond, Ga2O3, and BN, offer theoretically superior properties, including a higher critical breakdown field, higher temperature operation, and potentially higher radiation tolerance. These attributes, in turn, make it possible to use revolutionary new devices for extreme environments, such as high-efficiency power transistors, because of the improved Baliga figure of merit, ultra-high voltage pulsed power switches, high-efficiency UV-LEDs, and electronics. This Special Issue aims to collect high quality research papers, short communications, and review articles that focus on wide bandgap device design, fabrication, and advanced characterization. The Special Issue will also publish selected papers from the 43rd Workshop on Compound Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Circuits, held in France (WOCSDICE 2019), which brings together scientists and engineers working in the area of III–V, and other compound semiconductor devices and integrated circuits.

Technology: general issues --- GaN --- high-electron-mobility transistor (HEMT) --- ultra-wide band gap --- GaN-based vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) --- composition-graded AlxGa1−xN electron blocking layer (EBL) --- electron leakage --- GaN laser diode --- distributed feedback (DFB) --- surface gratings --- sidewall gratings --- AlGaN/GaN --- proton irradiation --- time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) --- reliability --- normally off --- power cycle test --- SiC micro-heater chip --- direct bonded copper (DBC) substrate --- Ag sinter paste --- wide band-gap (WBG) --- thermal resistance --- amorphous InGaZnO --- thin-film transistor --- nitrogen-doping --- buried-channel --- stability --- 4H-SiC --- turn-off loss --- ON-state voltage --- breakdown voltage (BV) --- IGBT --- wide-bandgap semiconductor --- high electron mobility transistors --- vertical gate structure --- normally-off operation --- gallium nitride --- asymmetric multiple quantum wells --- barrier thickness --- InGaN laser diodes --- optical absorption loss --- electron leakage current --- wide band gap semiconductors --- numerical simulation --- terahertz Gunn diode --- grooved-anode diode --- Gallium nitride (GaN) high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) --- vertical breakdown voltage --- buffer trapping effect --- gallium nitride (GaN) --- power switching device --- active power filter (APF) --- power quality (PQ) --- metal-insulator-semiconductor high-electron-mobility transistor (MIS-HEMT) --- recessed gate --- double barrier --- high-electron-mobility transistors --- copper metallization --- millimeter wave --- wide bandgap semiconductors --- flexible devices --- silver nanoring --- silver nanowire --- polyol method --- cosolvent --- tungsten trioxide film --- spin coating --- optical band gap --- morphology --- electrochromism --- self-align --- hierarchical nanostructures --- ZnO nanorod/NiO nanosheet --- photon extraction efficiency --- photonic emitter --- wideband --- HEMT --- power amplifier --- jammer system --- GaN 5G --- high electron mobility transistors (HEMT) --- new radio --- RF front-end --- AESA radars --- transmittance --- distortions --- optimization --- GaN-on-GaN --- schottky barrier diodes --- high-energy α-particle detection --- low voltage --- thick depletion width detectors --- n/a

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Le titre de la journée d'étude organisée par la Faculté de droit de l'Université de Namur ? " Les Roms face au droit en Belgique " ? n'avait rien de rassurant : il posait la question de savoir si le droit est un obstacle, voire une menace, pour les Roms, plutôt qu'une protection de leurs libertés fondamentales et l'instrument d'une véritable reconnaissance d'un peuple séculairement rejeté, voire persécuté par les gadjé. C'est sur cette question qu'ont été rassemblés des témoignages parfois dramatiques, l'analyse d'un anthropologue et une série d'études relatives au droit international ou au droit interne, sous l'angle particulier de la situation des Roms. Il y est question de la jurisprudence de la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme, des règles établies par l'Union européenne, du statut des étrangers en Belgique, du droit pénal, du droit de la jeunesse, du droit social ou du droit scolaire. Le constat est souvent le même : il semble que là où la protection s'affaiblit, là où des exceptions aux garanties juridiques s'insinuent, là où davantage de répression menace, les chances de rencontrer des Roms augmentent. Le droit n'est pas encore en mesure de respecter pleinement ceux dont la différence est une richesse pour la société tout entière.

International law --- Human rights --- Private law --- Belgium --- Ebooks --- E-books --- Gitan --- Droit national --- Belgique --- Bélgica --- Belgija --- Belgien --- Belgie --- Belgicko --- België --- Beļģija --- Белгија --- Belgio --- Белгия --- Belgia --- il-Belġju --- An Bheilg --- Βέλγιο --- Belgjika --- Belgia Kuningriik --- Beļģijas Karaliste --- Royaume de Belgique --- Belgian kuningaskunta --- Belgické kráľovstvo --- Koninkrijk België --- Belgijos Karalystė --- das Königreich Belgien --- Βασίλειο του Βελγίου --- Kingdom of Belgium --- Кралство Белгија --- Краљевина Белгија --- Belgické království --- Reino de Bélgica --- ir-Renju tal-Belġju --- Regatul Belgiei --- Kongeriget Belgien --- Кралство Белгия --- Mbretëria e Belgjikës --- Belga Királyság --- Królestwo Belgii --- Konungariket Belgien --- Reino da Bélgica --- Kraljevina Belgija --- Regno del Belgio --- národné právo --- nacionalno pravo --- nationales Recht --- право државе чланице --- national ret --- nemzeti jog --- prawo krajowe --- kansallinen oikeus --- национално право --- national law --- diritto nazionale --- nacionalinė teisė --- dritt nazzjonali --- drept național --- Derecho nacional --- εθνικό δίκαιο --- e drejta kombëtare --- riigisisene õigus --- nationell rätt --- direito nacional --- nationaal recht --- valsts tiesību akti --- národní právo --- valtionsisäinen lainsäädäntö --- regolamentazione nazionale --- vidaus teisė --- εθνική νομοθεσία --- národní legislativa --- national legislation --- valsts likumi --- законодавство на земјите членки --- national regulations --- national lovgivning --- einzelstaatliche Vorschriften --- diritto interno --- innerstaatliches Recht --- valsts tiesību sistēma --- national legal system --- liikmesriikide seadusandlus --- legjislacion kombëtar --- droit interne --- riigisisene seadus --- ordem jurídica nacional --- národná legislatíva --- riiklik õigus --- tagállamok jogalkotása --- direito interno --- regulación nacional --- национален правен систем --- kansallinen lainsäädäntö --- nationell rättsordning --- valtionsisäinen oikeus --- nemzeti szabályozás --- legislația statelor membre --- ordinamento giuridico nazionale --- državni propisi --- binnenlands recht --- nationell lagstiftning --- законодавство на државите членки --- Derecho interno --- национална регулатива --- internal law --- legislație națională --- wetgeving van de lidstaten --- Bundesrecht --- kansallinen oikeusjärjestelmä --- dalībvalstu tiesību akti --- άγραφο δίκαιο --- kansalliset asetukset --- legislação dos Estados-membros --- εσωτερικό δίκαιο --- Gesetzgebung des Heimatstaats --- šalies įstatymai --- intern rätt --- nationale wetgeving --- Derecho estatal --- nationale rechtsorde --- riiklik seadusandlus --- vnútorné právo --- drept intern --- medlemsstaternas lagstiftning --- nemzeti jogrend --- národní právní úprava --- legislatíva členských štátov --- iekšzemes tiesību akti --- právo členských států --- národné právne úpravy --- belső jog --- domáce právo --- nationale voorschriften --- valstybių narių įstatymai --- riiklik õigussüsteem --- νομοθεσία των κρατών μελών --- nationale Rechtsordnung --- legislación de los Estados miembros --- šalies nuostatai --- rregulla kombëtare --- jäsenvaltioiden lainsäädäntö --- normativa nacional --- national retsorden --- dalībvalstu likumi --- domaće pravo --- legislazione degli Stati membri --- regulamentação nacional --- legislation of the Member States --- nemzeti jogszabályok --- nemzeti jogrendszer --- normativa nazionale --- nacionalni pravni sustav --- домашен правен систем --- législation des États membres --- nationale bestemmelser --- sistem juridic național --- šalies teisė --- orden jurídico nacional --- legislação nacional --- nationella rättsregler --- valsts likumdošana --- tagállami jogszabályok --- εθνική έννομη τάξη --- riigisisesed õigusaktid --- legjislacion i Shteteve Anëtare --- medlemsstaternes lovgivning --- valstybės teisės sistema --- nacionalno zakonodavstvo --- reglamentación nacional --- Rechtsvorschriften der Mitgliedstaaten --- legislazione nazionale --- národní právní systém --- národný právny systém --- домашно право --- domestic law --- zakonodavstvo država članica EU-a --- sistem kombëtar ligjor --- hazai jog --- национално законодавство --- législation nationale --- ordre juridique national --- reglementări naționale --- εθνικές ρυθμίσεις --- réglementation nationale --- legislación nacional --- rom --- romai --- Romi --- romer --- romani --- Romach --- romi --- Ciganos --- Romowie --- Ρόμα --- Roma --- romaní --- Rómovia --- Romové --- Romët --- роми --- Роми --- Rom --- roma --- Fahrende --- tzigane --- romas --- Циганин --- boyash --- rändrahvas --- Boiash --- цигани --- cigán --- Aškale --- cigan --- roms --- Żingari --- Ром --- Kalés --- nomadi --- mustlane --- sintid --- zigenare --- viajantes --- ashkali --- Zigeuner --- gitano --- Sinte --- Komuniteti rom --- sinter --- čigāns --- tsigane --- szintó --- ashkalíes --- mánus --- manušai --- Beás --- Sintés --- Gypsies --- Синти --- Manouches --- Gens du voyage --- rromi --- travelleri --- Popotnike --- manush --- sintai --- Sintígh --- σίντι --- Romaigh --- aškaliai --- ром --- Ashkali --- Kalé --- Bojaxx --- Róm --- Cigane --- rejsende --- mustalainen --- aškalid --- sigøjnere --- Travellers --- boyashi --- sinti --- zingaro --- Manuxx --- čigonas --- zíngaros --- țigan --- Bojaše --- kalé --- bojašai --- woonwagenbewoners --- Axkali --- kaale --- manuches --- manouche --- cigány --- țigani --- Ρομ --- Cyganie --- Boyash --- cikán --- τσιγγάνος --- vjaġġaturi --- romanichel --- αθίγγανος --- askáli --- Cigán --- πλανόβιος --- Sintové --- Manuše --- gitan --- gitani --- Sinti und Roma --- Sinti --- zigeuner --- dlí náisiúnta --- Romanies --- Tsiganes --- Legal status, laws, etc. --- Droit --- droit national --- Roms --- Etrangers (droit) --- Droit pénal --- Enfants --- Aide sociale --- Education --- Droit au logement --- Pays de l'Union européenne --- Statut juridique