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In October 1946, seven million more women than men lived in occupied Germany. In this study of unwed, divorced, widowed, and married women at work and at home across three political regimes, Elizabeth Heineman traces the transitions from early National Socialism through the war and on to the consolidation of democracy in the West and communism in the East.Based on thorough and extensive research in German national and regional archives as well as the archives of the U.S. occupying forces, this pathbreaking book argues that marital status can define women's position and experience as surely as race, gender, sexual orientation, and class. Heineman finds that, while the war made the experience of single women a dramatic one, state activity was equally important. As a result, West German women continued to be defined in large part by their marital status. In contrast, by the time of reunification marital status had become far less significant in the lives of East German women.In one broad, comprehensive sweep, Elizabeth Heineman compares prewar and postwar, East and West, lived experience and public policy. Her sharp analytical insights will enrich our understanding of the history of women in modern Germany and the role of marital status in twentieth-century life worldwide.

Single women --- Marital status --- Social conditions --- History. --- Psychological aspects --- Spinsters --- Unmarried women --- Single people --- Women --- Marital condition --- Status, Marital --- Marriage --- Social status --- History --- Social conditions.

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The first German women's movement embraced the belief in a demographic surplus of unwed women, known as the Frauenüberschuß, as a central leitmotif in the campaign for reform. Proponents of the female surplus held that the advances of industry and urbanization had upset traditional marriage patterns and left too many bourgeois women without a husband. This book explores the ways in which the realms of literature, sexology, demography, socialism, and female activism addressed the perceived plight of unwed women. Case studies of reformers, including Lily Braun, Ruth Brè, , Elisabeth Gnauck-Kühne

Women --- Single women --- History. --- Spinsters --- Unmarried women --- Single people --- Human females --- Wimmin --- Woman --- Womon --- Womyn --- Females --- Human beings --- Femininity --- History --- history of feminism --- women's movement --- women's history --- Imperial Germany --- Modernity --- Berlin --- Bourgeoisie --- Middle class

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With the turn of the century came increased industrialization and urbanization, and in Toronto one of the most visible results of this modernization was the influx of young, single women to the city. They came seeking work, independence, and excitement, but they were not to realize these goals without contention. Carolyn Strange examines the rise of the Toronto 'working girl, ' the various agencies that 'discovered' her, the nature of 'the girl problem' from the point of view of moral overseers, the various strategies devised to solve this 'problem, ' and lastly, the young women's responses to moral regulation. The 'working girl' seemed a problem to reformers, evangelists, social investigators, police, the courts, and journalists - men, mostly, who saw women's debasement as certain and appointed themselves as protectors of morality. They portrayed single women as victims of potential economic and sexual exploitation and urban immorality. Such characterization drew attention away from the greater problems these women faced: poverty, unemployment, poor housing and nutrition, and low wages. In the course of her investigation, Strange suggests fresh approaches to working-class and urban history. Her sources include the census, court papers, newspaper accounts, philanthropic society reports, and royal commissions, but Strange also employs less conventional sources, such as photographs and popular songs. She approaches the topic from a feminist viewpoint that is equally sensitive to the class and racial dimensions of the 'girl problem, ' and compares her findings with the emergence of the working woman in contemporary United States and Great Britain. The overriding observation is that Torontonians projected their fears and hopes about urban industrialization onto the figure of the working girl. Young women were regulated from factories and offices, to streetcars and dancehalls, in an effort to control the deleterious effects of industrial capitalism. By the First World War however, their value as contributors to the expanding economy began to outweigh fear of their moral endangerment. As Torontonians grew accustomed to life in the industrial metropolis, the 'working girl' came to be seen as a valuable resource.

Single women --- Young women --- Employment --- History. --- Economic conditions. --- Social conditions. --- Economic conditions --- History --- Social conditions --- Femmes seules --- Jeunes filles --- Jeune filles --- Travail --- Histoire --- Conditions économiques --- Conditions --- Conditions sociales --- Women --- Young adults --- Girls --- Spinsters --- Unmarried women --- Single people --- Toronto --- Ontario --- Metropolitan Toronto --- York

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A free open access ebook is available upon publication. Learn more at www.luminosoa.org. Today, the majority of the world's population lives in a country with falling marriage rates, a phenomenon with profound impacts on women, gender, and sexuality. In this exceptionally crafted ethnography, Sarah Lamb probes the gendered trend of single women living in India, examining what makes living outside marriage for women increasingly possible and yet incredibly challenging. Featuring the stories of never-married women as young as 35 and as old as 92, the book offers a remarkable portrait of a way of life experienced by women across class and caste divides, from urban professionals and rural day laborers, to those who identify as heterosexual and lesbian, to others who evaded marriage both by choice and by circumstance. For women in India, complex social-cultural and political-economic contexts are foundational to their lives and decisions, and evading marriage is often an unintended consequence of other pressing life priorities. Arguing that never-married women are able to illuminate their society's broader social-cultural values, Lamb offers a new and startling look at prevailing systems of gender, sexuality, kinship, freedom, and social belonging in India today.

Gender identity --- Kinship --- Marriage --- Single women --- SOCIAL SCIENCE / Anthropology / Cultural & Social. --- Social conditions. --- Spinsters --- Unmarried women --- Single people --- Women --- Married life --- Matrimony --- Nuptiality --- Wedlock --- Love --- Sacraments --- Betrothal --- Courtship --- Families --- Home --- Honeymoons --- Ethnology --- Clans --- Consanguinity --- Kin recognition --- Sex identity (Gender identity) --- Sexual identity (Gender identity) --- Identity (Psychology) --- Sex (Psychology) --- Queer theory --- Gender dysphoria

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Greek scholars have produced a vast body of evidence bearing on nuptial practices that has yet to be mined by a professional economist. By standing on their shoulders, the author proposes and tests radically new interpretations of three important status groups in Greek history: the pallak?, the nothos, and the hetaira.It is argued that legitimate marriage - marriage by loan of the bride to the groom - was not the only form of legal marriage in classical Athens and the ancient Greek world generally. Pallakia - marriage by sale of the bride to the groom - was also legally recognized. The pallak?-wifeship transaction is a sale into slavery with a restrictive covenant mandating the employment of the sold woman as a wife. In this highly original and challenging new book, economist Morris Silver proposes and tests the hypothesis that the likelihood of bride sale rises with increases in the distance between the ancestral residence of the groom and the father's household. Nothoi, the bastard children of pallakai, lacked the legal right to inherit from their fathers but were routinely eligible for Athenian citizenship. It is argued that the basic social meaning of hetaira (companion) is not 'prostitute' or 'courtesan, ' but 'single woman' - a woman legally recognized as being under her own authority (kuria). The defensive adaptation of single women is reflected in Greek myth and social practice by their grouping into packs, most famously the Daniads and Amazons.

Single women. --- Single women --- Spinsters --- Unmarried women --- Single people --- Women --- History --- Marriage --- Economic aspects --- Social conditions --- Economic conditions --- Greece --- Civilization --- Civilization. --- Economic history. --- Economic aspects. --- Economic conditions. --- Social conditions. --- To 146 B.C. --- Greece. --- Mariage --- --Femme --- --Aspects économiques --- --Grèce ancienne --- --Condition sociale --- --Condition économique --- --Civilisation --- --Economic aspects --- Marriage - Economic aspects - Greece - History --- Women - Greece - Social conditions --- Women - Greece - Economic conditions --- Femme --- Aspects économiques --- Grèce ancienne --- Condition sociale --- Condition économique --- Civilisation --- Greece - Economic conditions - To 146 B.C. --- Greece - Civilization - To 146 B.C.