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Latin America is together with Sub-Saharan Africa the most unequal region of the world. This paper documents recent inequality trends in the Latin American region, going beyond traditional measures of income inequality. The paper also reviews some of the explanations that have been put forward to understand the current situation, and discusses why reducing income inequality should be an important policy priority. In particular, the authors discuss channels through which inequality can affect growth and output volatility. On the whole, the analysis suggests a two-pronged approach to reduce inequality in the region that combines policies aimed at improving the distribution of assets (especially education) with elements aimed at improving the capacity of the state to redistribute income through taxes and transfers.

Average income --- Economic Conditions and Volatility --- Economic Theory and Research --- Gini coefficient --- Impact of inequality --- Income --- Income inequality --- Inequality --- Inequality trends --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Output volatility --- Policy Research --- Poverty levels --- Poverty Reduction --- Pro-Poor Growth --- Rural Development --- Rural Poverty Reduction

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This paper uses the night lights (satellite imagery from outer space) approach to estimate growth in and levels of subnational 2013 gross domestic product for 47 counties in Kenya and 30 districts in Rwanda. Estimating subnational gross domestic product is consequential for three reasons. First, there is strong policy interest in how growth can occur in different parts of countries, so that communities can share in national prosperity and not get left behind. Second, subnational entities want to understand how they stack up against their neighbors and competitors, and how much they contribute to national gross domestic product. Third, such information could help private investors to assess where to undertake investments. Using night lights has the advantage of seeing a new and more accurate estimation of informal activity, and being independent of official data. However, the approach may underestimate economic activity in sectors that are largely unlit notably agriculture. For Kenya, the results of the analysis affirm that Nairobi County is the largest contributor to national gross domestic product. However, at 13 percent, this contribution is lower than commonly thought. For Rwanda, the three districts of Kigali account for 40 percent of national gross domestic product, underscoring the lower scale of economic activity in the rest of the country. To get a composite picture of subnational economic activity, especially in the context of rapidly improving official statistics in Kenya and Rwanda, it is important to estimate subnational gross domestic product using standard approaches (production, expenditure, income).

Agricultural output --- Agricultural performance --- Agricultural sector --- Agriculture --- Annual growth --- Annual growth rate --- Cities --- City --- Coefficients --- Consumption --- Criteria --- Development indicators --- Development policy --- Diseconomies of scale --- Distribution of income --- District --- District administrations --- District level --- District-level --- Economic activity --- Economic decline --- Economic downturns --- Economic growth --- Economic theory & research --- Economics --- Elasticity --- Empirical model --- Estimation method --- Financial crisis --- Fiscal management --- Fixed effects --- GDP --- GDP per capita --- Gross domestic product --- Growth --- Growth rate --- Growth rates --- Household surveys --- Incentives --- Incidence of poverty --- Indicators --- Informal economy --- Inputs --- Long-term growth --- Macroeconomics --- Macroeconomics and economic growth --- National poverty line --- Policy research --- Poverty --- Poverty impact evaluation --- Poverty levels --- Poverty line --- Poverty reduction --- Pro-poor growth --- Provinces --- Real GDP --- Resource allocation --- Revenue --- Revenue allocation --- Revenue sharing --- Revenue sharing formula --- Revenue-raising capacity --- Subnational entities --- Subnational governments --- Subnational unit --- Surveys --- Tax --- Underestimates --- Urban areas --- Wealth

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Although weather shocks are a major source of income fluctuation, most of the world's poor lack insurance coverage against them. Absence of formal insurance contributes to poverty traps, as investment decisions are conflicted with risk management ones: risk-averse farmers tend to underinvest and produce lower yielding yet safer crops. In the past few years, weather index insurance has gained increasing attention as an effective tool to provide small-scale farmers coverage against aggregate shocks. However, there is little empirical evidence about its effectiveness. This paper studies the effect of the recently introduced rainfall-indexed insurance on farmers' productivity, risk management strategies, as well as per capita income and expenditure in Mexico. The identification strategy takes advantage of the variation across counties and across time in which the insurance was rolled-out. The analysis finds that the presence of insurance in treated counties has significant and positive effects on maize productivity. Similarly, there is a positive association between the presence of insurance in the municipality and rural households' per capita expenditure and income, although no significant relation is found between the presence of insurance and the number of hectares destined for maize production.

Administrative Costs --- Adverse Selection --- Agricultural Development --- Agricultural Insurance --- Agricultural Land --- Agricultural Policy --- Agricultural Production --- Agricultural Productivity --- Agricultural Technology --- Agriculture --- Basis Risk --- Beneficiaries --- Cash Crops --- Cash Transfer Programs --- Cash Transfers --- Checks --- Claims --- Communal Land --- Consumption Smoothing --- Contracts --- Counterfactual --- Covariate Shocks --- Coverage --- Credit --- Crop Insurance --- Crop Varieties --- Crops & Crop Management Systems --- Debt Markets --- Development Economics --- Drought --- Durable --- Durable Assets --- Economics --- Effects --- Efficiency --- Equity --- Exchange --- Expenditure --- Extreme Poverty --- Famine --- Farmers --- Female Labor --- Female Labor Force --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Support --- Guarantee --- Household Head --- Household Income --- Household Survey --- Illiteracy --- Implicit Contracts --- Incentives --- Income --- Income Smoothing --- Indemnity --- Indemnity Payments --- Infant Mortality --- Information --- Insurance --- Insurance & Risk Mitigation --- Insurance Company --- Insurance Contracts --- Insurance Coverage --- Insurance Market --- Insurance Policies --- Insurance Premiums --- Insurance Product --- Insurances --- Insurers --- Interest --- International Bank --- Investment --- Investment Decisions --- Irrigation --- Labor --- Labor Force --- Labor Policies --- Lack of Infrastructure --- Land Quality --- Land Size --- Loans --- Loss --- Malnutrition --- Management --- Market --- Market Failures --- Measures --- Minimum Wages --- Moral Hazard --- Mortality --- Organizations --- Outcomes --- Policies --- Policyholders --- Political Economy --- Poor --- Poor Rural Household --- Poverty --- Poverty Index --- Poverty Levels --- Poverty Reduction --- Premiums --- Private Insurance --- Private Insurance Companies --- Production --- Production of Cash Crops --- Productivity --- Productivity Growth --- Profit --- Programs --- Property Rights --- Rates --- Real Income --- Reinsurance --- Reinsurance Markets --- Rights --- Risk --- Risk Exposure --- Risk Management --- Risk Management Strategies --- Risk Sharing --- Risk Sharing Arrangements --- Risk Taking --- Risk Transfer --- Risks --- Running Water --- Rural --- Rural Areas --- Rural Household --- Rural Level --- Rural Population --- Rural Poverty --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Rural Settings --- Social Protections and Labor --- Standards --- Supply --- Theory --- Training --- Transfer Programs --- Transfers --- Value --- Wages

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Third World: economic development problems --- Bolivia --- Poverty --- Nutrition --- Public health --- Malnutrition --- Environment and Public Health --- Medicine --- Socioeconomic Factors --- Nutrition Disorders --- Social Problems --- Health --- Sociology --- Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases --- Health Occupations --- Population Characteristics --- Health Care --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Social Sciences --- Diseases --- Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena --- Public Health --- Child Nutrition Disorders --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Social Medicine --- Community Health --- Environment, Preventive Medicine & Public Health --- Environment, Preventive Medicine and Public Health --- Health, Community --- Health, Public --- Preventive Medicine --- Education, Public Health Professional --- Science, Social --- Sciences, Social --- Social Science --- Community-Based Distribution --- Contraceptive Distribution --- Delivery of Healthcare --- Dental Care Delivery --- Distribution, Non-Clinical --- Distribution, Nonclinical --- Distributional Activities --- Healthcare --- Healthcare Delivery --- Healthcare Systems --- Non-Clinical Distribution --- Nonclinical Distribution --- Delivery of Dental Care --- Health Care Delivery --- Health Care Systems --- Activities, Distributional --- Activity, Distributional --- Care, Health --- Community Based Distribution --- Community-Based Distributions --- Contraceptive Distributions --- Deliveries, Healthcare --- Delivery, Dental Care --- Delivery, Health Care --- Delivery, Healthcare --- Distribution, Community-Based --- Distribution, Contraceptive --- Distribution, Non Clinical --- Distributional Activity --- Distributions, Community-Based --- Distributions, Contraceptive --- Distributions, Non-Clinical --- Distributions, Nonclinical --- Health Care System --- Healthcare Deliveries --- Healthcare System --- Non Clinical Distribution --- Non-Clinical Distributions --- Nonclinical Distributions --- System, Health Care --- System, Healthcare --- Systems, Health Care --- Systems, Healthcare --- Population Heterogeneity --- Population Statistics --- Characteristic, Population --- Characteristics, Population --- Heterogeneity, Population --- Population Characteristic --- Statistics, Population --- Health Professions --- Health Occupation --- Health Profession --- Profession, Health --- Professions, Health --- Occupations --- Nutritional Physiological Phenomena --- General Social Development and Population --- Labor Exploitation --- Social Exploitation --- Exploitation, Labor --- Exploitation, Social --- Exploitations, Labor --- Problem, Social --- Problems, Social --- Social Problem --- Nutritional Disorders --- Nutrition Disorder --- Nutritional Disorder --- Factors, Socioeconomic --- High-Income Population --- Inequalities --- Land Tenure --- Standard of Living --- Factor, Socioeconomic --- High Income Population --- High-Income Populations --- Inequality --- Living Standard --- Living Standards --- Population, High-Income --- Populations, High-Income --- Socioeconomic Factor --- Tenure, Land --- Economics --- Medical Specialities --- Medical Specialties --- Medical Specialty --- Specialities, Medical --- Specialties, Medical --- Specialty, Medical --- Medical Speciality --- Speciality, Medical --- Health Workforce --- Nutrition disorders --- Starvation --- Alimentation --- Food --- Physiology --- Diet --- Dietetics --- Digestion --- Food habits --- Child Overnutrition --- Malnutrition in Children --- Malnutrition, Child --- Child Malnutrition --- Nutrition Disorders, Child --- Child Nutrition Disorder --- Nutrition Disorder, Child --- Overnutrition, Child --- Infant Nutrition Disorders --- Absolute Poverty --- Extreme Poverty --- Indigents --- Low Income Population --- Indigency --- Low-Income Population --- Indigent --- Low Income Populations --- Low-Income Populations --- Population, Low Income --- Population, Low-Income --- Populations, Low Income --- Populations, Low-Income --- Poverty, Absolute --- Poverty, Extreme --- Working Poor --- Health aspects --- Social Inequalities --- Social Inequality --- Inequalities, Social --- Inequality, Social --- Vocations --- Occupation --- Vocation --- Occupational Groups --- Federal Poverty Threshold --- Poverty Threshold, Federal --- Poverty Thresholds, Federal --- Thresholds, Federal Poverty --- Federal Poverty Level --- Federal Poverty Levels --- Level, Federal Poverty --- Poverty Level, Federal --- Economic and Social Factors --- Social and Economic Factors --- Socioeconomic Characteristics --- Characteristic, Socioeconomic --- Socioeconomic Characteristic --- Delivery of Health Care. --- Disease.

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Pathologies of Power uses harrowing stories of life--and death--in extreme situations to interrogate our understanding of human rights. Paul Farmer, a physician and anthropologist with twenty years of experience working in Haiti, Peru, and Russia, argues that promoting the social and economic rights of the world's poor is the most important human rights struggle of our times.

Discrimination in medical care. --- Equality. --- Human rights. --- Medical care. --- Poor. --- Poor - Medical care. --- Right to health care. --- Social stratification. --- Social Science. --- Social stratification --- Equality --- Poor --- Discrimination in medical care --- Right to health --- Human rights --- Human Rights --- Social Justice --- Socioeconomic Factors --- Internationality --- Health Services Accessibility --- Poverty --- Communicable Disease Control --- Vulnerable Populations --- Social Problems --- Persons --- Social Control, Formal --- Population Characteristics --- Principle-Based Ethics --- Social Sciences --- Sociology --- Delivery of Health Care --- Public Health Practice --- Health Care --- Ethics --- Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Public Health --- Health Care Economics and Organizations --- Patient Care Management --- Named Groups --- Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena --- Health Services Administration --- Humanities --- Environment and Public Health --- Philosophy --- Social Change --- Sociology & Social History --- Care Management, Patient --- Management, Patient Care --- Healthcare Economics and Organizations --- Health Care Economics --- Health Economics --- Healthcare Economics --- Care Economic, Health --- Economic, Health --- Economic, Health Care --- Economic, Healthcare --- Economics, Health Care --- Health Care Economic --- Health Economic --- Healthcare Economic --- Community Health --- Environment, Preventive Medicine & Public Health --- Environment, Preventive Medicine and Public Health --- Health, Community --- Health, Public --- Preventive Medicine --- Education, Public Health Professional --- Healthcare Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Egoism --- Ethical Issues --- Metaethics --- Moral Policy --- Natural Law --- Situational Ethics --- Ethical Issue --- Ethics, Situational --- Issue, Ethical --- Issues, Ethical --- Law, Natural --- Laws, Natural --- Moral Policies --- Natural Laws --- Policies, Moral --- Policy, Moral --- Censorship, Research --- Community-Based Distribution --- Contraceptive Distribution --- Delivery of Healthcare --- Dental Care Delivery --- Distribution, Non-Clinical --- Distribution, Nonclinical --- Distributional Activities --- Healthcare --- Healthcare Delivery --- Healthcare Systems --- Non-Clinical Distribution --- Nonclinical Distribution --- Delivery of Dental Care --- Health Care Delivery --- Health Care Systems --- Activities, Distributional --- Activity, Distributional --- Care, Health --- Community Based Distribution --- Community-Based Distributions --- Contraceptive Distributions --- Deliveries, Healthcare --- Delivery, Dental Care --- Delivery, Health Care --- Delivery, Healthcare --- Distribution, Community-Based --- Distribution, Contraceptive --- Distribution, Non Clinical --- Distributional Activity --- Distributions, Community-Based --- Distributions, Contraceptive --- Distributions, Non-Clinical --- Distributions, Nonclinical --- Health Care System --- Healthcare Deliveries --- Healthcare System --- Non Clinical Distribution --- Non-Clinical Distributions --- Nonclinical Distributions --- System, Health Care --- System, Healthcare --- Systems, Health Care --- Systems, Healthcare --- Pharmacy Philosophy --- Philosophical Overview --- Hedonism --- Stoicism --- Overview, Philosophical --- Overviews, Philosophical --- Pharmacy Philosophies --- Philosophical Overviews --- Philosophies --- Philosophies, Pharmacy --- Philosophy, Pharmacy --- Administration, Health Services --- Health Services --- Health Practice, Public --- Health Practices, Public --- Practice, Public Health --- Practices, Public Health --- Public Health Practices --- General Social Development and Population --- Principlism --- Ethic, Principle-Based --- Ethics, Principle-Based --- Principle Based Ethics --- Principle-Based Ethic --- Ethical Theory --- Population Heterogeneity --- Population Statistics --- Characteristic, Population --- Characteristics, Population --- Heterogeneity, Population --- Population Characteristic --- Statistics, Population --- Regulation --- Social Control --- Control, Social --- Controls, Social --- Formal Social Control --- Formal Social Controls --- Regulations --- Social Controls --- Public Policy --- Person --- Labor Exploitation --- Social Exploitation --- Exploitation, Labor --- Exploitation, Social --- Exploitations, Labor --- Problem, Social --- Problems, Social --- Social Problem --- Science, Social --- Sciences, Social --- Social Science --- Disadvantaged --- Patients, Underserved --- Populations, Underserved --- Sensitive Population Groups --- Sensitive Populations --- Group, Sensitive Population --- Groups, Sensitive Population --- Patient, Underserved --- Population Group, Sensitive --- Population Groups, Sensitive --- Population, Sensitive --- Population, Underserved --- Population, Vulnerable --- Populations, Sensitive --- Populations, Vulnerable --- Sensitive Population --- Sensitive Population Group --- Underserved Patient --- Underserved Patients --- Underserved Population --- Underserved Populations --- Vulnerable Population --- Parasite Control --- Flatten the Curve of Epidemic --- Flattening the Curve, Communicable Disease Control --- Control, Communicable Disease --- Control, Parasite --- Communicable Diseases --- Infectious Disease Medicine --- Disease Eradication --- Absolute Poverty --- Extreme Poverty --- Indigents --- Low Income Population --- Indigency --- Low-Income Population --- Indigent --- Low Income Populations --- Low-Income Populations --- Population, Low Income --- Population, Low-Income --- Populations, Low Income --- Populations, Low-Income --- Poverty, Absolute --- Poverty, Extreme --- Working Poor --- Accessibility, Health Services --- Contraceptive Availability --- Health Services Geographic Accessibility --- Program Accessibility --- Access To Medicines --- Access to Contraception --- Access to Health Care --- Access to Health Services --- Access to Medications --- Access to Therapy --- Access to Treatment --- Accessibility of Health Services --- Availability of Health Services --- Contraception Access --- Contraceptive Access --- Medication Access --- Access To Medicine --- Access to Contraceptions --- Access to Medication --- Access to Therapies --- Access to Treatments --- Access, Contraception --- Access, Contraceptive --- Access, Medication --- Accessibility, Program --- Availability, Contraceptive --- Contraception, Access to --- Contraceptive Accesses --- Health Services Availability --- Medication Accesses --- Medication, Access to --- Therapy, Access to --- Treatment, Access to --- Medically Underserved Area --- Globalization --- International Aspects --- International Perspectives --- International Relations --- Multinational Aspects --- Multinational Perspectives --- Aspect, International --- Aspect, Multinational --- Aspects, International --- Aspects, Multinational --- International Aspect --- International Perspective --- Multinational Aspect --- Multinational Perspective --- Perspective, International --- Perspective, Multinational --- Perspectives, International --- Perspectives, Multinational --- Relations, International --- International Law --- Factors, Socioeconomic --- High-Income Population --- Land Tenure --- Standard of Living --- Social Inequalities --- Social Inequality --- Factor, Socioeconomic --- High Income Population --- High-Income Populations --- Inequalities, Social --- Inequality, Social --- Living Standard --- Living Standards --- Population, High-Income --- Populations, High-Income --- Socioeconomic Factor --- Tenure, Land --- Economics --- Common Good --- Justice --- Obligations of Society --- Good, Common --- Justice, Social --- Collective Human Rights --- Equal Rights --- Linguistic Rights --- Right to Housing and Shelter --- Rights of Indigenous Peoples --- Human Rights, Collective --- Indigenous Peoples Rights --- Rights, Collective Human --- Rights, Equal --- Rights, Linguistic --- Human Rights Abuses --- Basic rights --- Civil rights (International law) --- Rights, Human --- Rights of man --- Human security --- Transitional justice --- Truth commissions --- Health care, Right to --- Health, Right to --- Medical care, Right to --- Right to health care --- Right to medical care --- Social rights --- Race discrimination in medical care --- Medical care --- Disadvantaged, Economically --- Economically disadvantaged --- Impoverished people --- Low-income people --- Pauperism --- Poor, The --- Poor people --- Social classes --- Egalitarianism --- Inequality --- Social equality --- Social inequality --- Political science --- Democracy --- Liberty --- Stratification, Social --- Social structure --- organization & administration --- prevention & control --- Law and legislation --- Economic conditions --- #SBIB:316.334.3M50 --- #SBIB:39A9 --- #SBIB:340H88 --- Organisatie van de gezondheidszorg: algemeen, beleid --- Medische antropologie / gezondheid / handicaps --- Internationaal recht: rechten van de mens --- Right to health. --- Stratification sociale --- Pauvres --- Discrimination dans les soins médicaux --- Droit à la santé --- Droits de l'homme (Droit international) --- Soins médicaux --- Egalité (Sociologie) --- Social problems --- Sociology of health --- Disadvantaged Populations --- Disadvantaged Population --- Population, Disadvantaged --- Social Vulnerability --- Federal Poverty Threshold --- Poverty Threshold, Federal --- Poverty Thresholds, Federal --- Thresholds, Federal Poverty --- Access To Care, Health --- Access to Care --- Access to Medicines --- Access to Cares --- Access to Medicine --- Care, Access to --- Cares, Access to --- Medicine, Access to --- Medicines, Access to --- activism. --- disease. --- disturbing examples. --- epidemic. --- haiti. --- health and wellness. --- hiv. --- human rights violations. --- human rights. --- human suffering. --- inequality. --- integrity research board. --- irb. --- medical advancement. --- medical anthropology. --- medical student. --- medical technology. --- optimistic view. --- pathologist. --- pathology;study of disease;biography memoir;doctor autobiography. --- peru. --- plague. --- political and economic injustice. --- russia. --- sociology. --- stories of illness. --- studying diseases. --- tuberculosis. --- urgent plea. --- violence. --- SOCIAL SCIENCE / Anthropology / General. --- Charities, Medical --- Health and hygiene --- biography memoir. --- doctor autobiography. --- pathology. --- study of disease. --- Federal Poverty Level --- Federal Poverty Levels --- Level, Federal Poverty --- Poverty Level, Federal --- Accessibilities, Health Services --- Economic and Social Factors --- Social and Economic Factors --- Socioeconomic Characteristics --- Characteristic, Socioeconomic --- Socioeconomic Characteristic --- Poor - Medical care --- Names --- Human Rights. --- Social Justice. --- Socioeconomic Factors. --- Internationality. --- Health Services Accessibility. --- Poverty. --- Communicable Disease Control. --- Vulnerable Populations. --- Social Problems. --- Persons. --- Social Control, Formal. --- Population Characteristics. --- Principle-Based Ethics. --- Sociology. --- Delivery of Health Care. --- Public Health Practice. --- Ethics. --- Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation. --- Public Health. --- Health Care Economics and Organizations. --- Patient Care Management. --- Names. --- Health Services Administration. --- Humanities. --- Environment and Public Health. --- Philosophy.