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Peroxisomes --- Peroxisomal disorders --- Peroxisomal Disorders. --- Peroxysomes. --- Pathologie peroxysomale. --- Peroxisomal disorders. --- Peroxisomes. --- Metabolism. --- Molecular Biology. --- Peroxidosomes --- Peroxysoma --- Adrenoleukodystrophy, Autosomal Neonatal Form --- Adrenoleukodystrophy, Autosomal, Neonatal Form --- Hyperpipecolatemia --- Neonatal Adrenoleukodystrophy --- Peroxisomal Dysfunction, General --- Peroxisomal Dysfunction, Multiple --- Peroxisomal Dysfunction, Single --- Adrenoleukodystrophy, Neonatal --- Hyperpipecolic Acidemia --- Acidemia, Hyperpipecolic --- Acidemias, Hyperpipecolic --- Adrenoleukodystrophies, Neonatal --- Dysfunction, General Peroxisomal --- Dysfunction, Multiple Peroxisomal --- Dysfunction, Single Peroxisomal --- Dysfunctions, General Peroxisomal --- Dysfunctions, Multiple Peroxisomal --- Dysfunctions, Single Peroxisomal --- General Peroxisomal Dysfunction --- General Peroxisomal Dysfunctions --- Hyperpipecolic Acidemias --- Multiple Peroxisomal Dysfunction --- Multiple Peroxisomal Dysfunctions --- Neonatal Adrenoleukodystrophies --- Peroxisomal Disorder --- Peroxisomal Dysfunctions, General --- Peroxisomal Dysfunctions, Multiple --- Peroxisomal Dysfunctions, Single --- Single Peroxisomal Dysfunction --- Single Peroxisomal Dysfunctions --- Peroxisomal diseases --- Peroxysomal disorders --- Diseases --- Peroxisomal Disorders --- PPAR alpha --- PPAR-beta --- PPAR delta --- PPAR gamma --- peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors --- Microbodies --- Central nervous system --- Metabolism, Inborn errors of --- Pediatric neurology --- Human physiology --- Life Sciences --- Biology --- ppar alpha --- ppar-beta --- ppar delta --- ppar gamma --- Peroxysomes --- Pathologie peroxysomale --- Glycosomes --- Glycosome --- Microbody --- Peroxisome Proliferators

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Mounting evidence suggests a bidirectional relationship between metabolism and inflammation. Molecular crosstalk between these processes occurs at different levels with the participation of nuclear receptors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). There are three PPAR isotypes, α, β/δ, and γ, which modulate metabolic and inflammatory pathways, making them key for the control of cellular, organ, and systemic processes. PPAR activity is governed by fatty acids and fatty acid derivatives, and by drugs used in clinics (glitazones and fibrates). The study of PPAR action, also modulated by post-translational modifications, has enabled extraordinary advances in the understanding of the multifaceted roles of these receptors in metabolism, energy homeostasis, and inflammation both in health and disease. This Special Issue of IJMS includes a broad range of basic and translational article, both original research and reviews, focused on the latest developments in the regulation of metabolic and/or inflammatory processes by PPARs in all organs and the microbiomes of different vertebrate species.

nuclear receptor --- gene transcription --- inflammation --- molecular docking --- PPARβ/δ --- lung --- pulmonary artery --- GW0742 --- GSK3787 --- docking --- lipopolysaccharide (LPS) --- PPARγ ligand --- coumarin --- fluorescent ligand --- screening --- crystal structure --- PPAR --- atopic dermatitis --- psoriasis --- metabolic reprograming --- glucose --- fatty acids --- mycobacteria --- M. tuberculosis --- M. leprae --- PPARs --- lipid droplets --- metabolic alterations --- hepatic damage --- nuclear factors --- pharmacological targets --- AMPK --- GDF15 --- insulin resistance --- type 2 diabetes mellitus --- peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) --- real-time PCR --- ELISA --- immunohistochemistry --- signaling pathway --- PPAR gamma --- brain --- neural stem cells --- infection --- neuroinflammation --- HIV --- Zika --- cytomegalovirus --- neurogenesis --- microglia --- liver damage --- toll-like receptor 4 --- P2Y2 receptor --- metabolic syndrome --- resveratrol --- quercetin --- PPARα --- peroxisome --- β-oxidation --- PPRE --- ligand --- coregulator --- micronutrients --- PPARα knockout --- adipose tissue --- browning --- lipid metabolism --- depression --- PPARg --- neuropathology --- corticotropin releasing hormone --- norepinephrine --- subgenual prefrontal cortex --- amygdala --- nucleus accumbens --- common carotid artery occlusion --- electroretinography --- fibroblast growth factor 21 --- pemafibrate --- peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha --- retinal ischemia --- skeletal muscle --- substrate metabolism --- nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) --- sex dimorphism --- lipidomics --- hepatic sex-biased gene expression --- PPARγ --- pulmonary arterial hypertension --- TGFβ --- vascular injury --- proliferation --- kidney fibrosis --- pattern-recognition receptors --- phagocytosis --- nitric oxide synthase --- fenofibrate --- oleoylethanolamide --- palmitoylethanolamide --- cancer --- immunity --- obesity --- diabetes --- miRNA --- DNA methylation --- histone modification --- peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor --- fatty acid oxidation --- doping control --- regulatory T cells --- exercise --- nuclear receptors --- nutrigenomics --- energy homeostasis --- dairy animals --- non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) --- non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) --- peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) --- bezafibrate --- fenofibric acid --- peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor --- dual/pan agonist --- X-ray crystallography --- n/a

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Obesity and related co-morbidities are increasing worldwide and pose a serious health problem. Changes in lifestyle and diet would be the best remedies to fight obesity; however, many people will still rely on medical aid. Marine organisms have been prolific in the production of bioactive compounds for many diseases, e.g., cancer, and promise to be an excellent source for natural-derived molecules and novel nutraceuticals. Bioactive compounds with beneficial activities towards obesity have been described from diverse marine organism including marine algae, bacteria, sponges, fungi, crustaceans or fish. This Special Issue will highlight the progress in the following topics: Bioactive compounds for the treatment of obesity and obesity-related co-morbidities (diabetes, fatty liver, hyperlipidemia) from marine organisms; the isolation of novel compounds, the bioactivity screening of marine organisms and the elucidation of molecular mode of action of marine bioactive compounds.

natural compounds --- anti-obesity drugs --- high fat diet --- Ishige okamurae --- fat --- zebrafish Nile red fat metabolism assay --- physical exercise --- JAK2-STAT3 --- metabolite profiling --- obesity --- chlorophyll derivatives --- brown seaweed --- Skate skin --- PPAR? --- marine alga --- marine biodiscovery --- skate skin --- lipolytic --- leptin --- uncoupling protein 1 --- 3T3-L1 cells --- glucolipid metabolism disorder --- nutrition --- bioactivity --- chitosan oligosaccharide --- diphlorethohydroxycarmalol (DPHC) --- nutraceuticals --- whole small animal models --- high-fat diet --- adipocyte --- dyslipidemia --- bioactivity screening --- peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma --- white adipose tissue --- antiobesity --- fatty liver disease --- thermal proteome profiling --- inflammation --- cyanobacteria --- Raja kenojei --- Arthrospira maxima --- cellularity --- adipocytes --- bioactive compound --- collagen peptide --- double-blind --- bisabolane-related compounds --- proliferation --- fatty acid metabolism --- cholesterol metabolism --- collagen --- randomized controlled trial --- mechanisms of action --- murine pre-adipocytes --- adipogenesis --- fucan --- marine sponges --- label-free quantitative proteomics --- diabetes --- body fat

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This Special Issue entitled “β-glucan in foods and health benefits” reports on the health benefits of indigestible carbohydrates with respect to metabolic diseases and immune functions. The effects of β-glucan have been investigated through the use isolated preparations or natural dietary fibers from whole grain cereals and brans, yeasts, or Euglena. This Special Issue includes original research articles that are based on human intervention studies that address the effects of β-glucan on metabolic diseases and immune function-related markers as well as in vitro and in vivo studies. It also reviews the health benefits of β-glucans in humans.

humans --- oat β-glucan --- acute glycemic response --- dietary fiber --- preload --- carbohydrates --- β-1,3-glucan --- Euglena gracilis --- Ca2+ signaling --- intestinal epithelial cell --- intravital imaging --- small intestine --- immune system --- barley --- β-glucan --- microarray --- short chain fatty acids --- lipid metabolism. --- low molecular weight --- fermentation --- prebiotics --- Autreobasidium pullulans --- β-1,3-1,6-glucan --- physiological function --- oat beta-glucan --- colitis --- Crohn’s disease --- apoptosis --- autophagy --- TLRs --- Dectin-1 --- rats --- L cell --- glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) --- glucose tolerance --- short-chain fatty acids --- sIgA --- microbiota --- randomized clinical trial --- symptoms --- gastrointestinal tract --- musculo-skeletal system --- oats --- oatmeal --- beta-glucan --- beta glucan --- health claim --- regulation --- food-health relationship --- gastritis --- inflammatory process --- antioxidant properties --- paramylon --- abdominal fat --- DNA microarray --- gene ontology --- PPAR signaling --- n/a --- Crohn's disease

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In this Special Issue of the journal, advancements in the treatment of liver diseases are illustrated by international experts in the field. New treatment options for primary biliary cirrhosis and, hopefully, primary sclerosing cholangitis are discussed. Up-to-date pharmacological therapy for preventing liver cirrhosis decompensation and treating acute-on-chronic liver failure is highlighted. Furthermore, new treatments for cholangiocarcinoma, based on biological and tissue markers, will be available in the near future, aiming to surpass the current unsatisfactory results of traditional therapies. Immunotherapy has been applied to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The new first-line treatment, combining atezolizumab plus bevacizumab for HCC in the intermediate and advanced stages, will allow for an increase in patient survival in the near future. Liver transplantation (LT) remains the preferred treatment for many patients with end-stage liver diseases and HCC. The selection criteria for LT in patients with HCC moved from morphological to dynamic criteria, such as those derived from the assessment of tumor responses to locoregional and/or systemic treatments before transplantation. This allowed many patients who would have been excluded from a transplantation with the old selection criteria to access one. Finally, a very interesting issue regarding new indications for liver transplantation is illustrated.

tolvaptan --- cirrhotic ascites --- survival rate --- furosemide --- primary biliary cholangitis --- autoantibodies --- ursodeoxycholic acid --- treatment response --- second line therapy --- primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) --- primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) --- clinical trials --- ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) --- Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) agonist --- Pan-Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR) agonists --- liver cancer --- systemic treatment --- immunotherapy --- real-world --- unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma --- cirrhosis --- decompensation --- bleeding --- varices --- survival --- infection --- alcoholic hepatitis --- acute-on-chronic liver failure --- cholangiocarcinoma --- colorectal cancer metastases --- hepatocellular carcinoma --- liver transplantation --- Milan criteria --- alpha-fetoprotein --- solid organ transplantation --- liver injury --- immunosuppressant --- SARS-CoV-2 --- humoral response --- vaccination --- portal-systemic shunt --- ammonia --- vigilance --- HBV --- HDV --- antivirals --- functional cure --- pharmacology --- acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) --- liver transplantation (LT) --- decompensated cirrhosis --- portal hypertension --- ascites --- non-selective beta-blockers --- TIPS --- rifaximin --- human albumin --- statins --- targeted therapy --- effective hypovolemia --- anti-mineralocorticoids --- loop diuretics --- vaptans --- n/a