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Orchids are fascinating, with attractive flowers that sell in the markets and an increasing demand around the world. Additionally, some orchids are edible or scented and have long been used in preparations of traditional medicine.This book presents recent advances in orchid biochemistry, including original research articles and reviews. It provides in-depth insights into the biology of flower pigments, floral scent formation, bioactive compounds, pollination, and plant–microbial interaction as well as the biotechnology of protocorm-like bodies in orchids. It reveals the secret of orchid biology using molecular tools, advanced biotechnology, multi-omics, and high-throughput technologies and offers a critical reference for the readers.This book explores the knowledge about species evolution using comparative transcriptomics, flower spot patterning, involving the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathways, the regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis, which contributes to leaf color formation, gene regulation in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and bioactive compounds, the mechanism of pollination, involving the biosynthesis of semiochemicals, gene expression patterns of volatile organic compounds, the symbiotic relationship between orchids and mycorrhizal fungi, techniques using induction, proliferation, and regeneration of protocorm-like bodies, and so on. In this book, important or model orchid species were studied, including Anoectochilus roxburghii, Bletilla striata, Cymbidium sinense, Dendrobium officinale, Ophrys insectifera, Phalaenopsis ‘Panda’, Pleione limprichtii.

Phalaenopsis --- transcriptome --- microRNA --- anthocyanin biosynthesis --- molecular mechanism --- coelonin --- Bletilla striata --- anti-inflammation --- signal pathway --- cell-cycle arrest --- PTEN --- Dendrobium officinale --- PLP_deC --- bioinformatics --- expression pattern analysis --- evolution --- Pleione limprichtii --- flower color polymorphism --- variation within populations --- metabolome analysis --- anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway --- RNA sequencing --- transcription factor --- Dendrobium --- molecular identification --- endophytic fungi --- pathogenicity --- protocorm --- seedling --- Anoectochilus roxburghii --- Ceratobasidium sp. --- metabolome and transcriptome analyses --- flavonoid --- HPLC-MS/MS --- qRT-PCR --- Ophrys --- sexual deception --- semiochemicals --- fly orchid --- pollination --- comparative transcriptome --- active ingredients --- different tissues --- biotechnology --- breeding --- mass propagation --- Orchidaceae --- protocorm-like bodies --- somaclonal variation --- somatic embryogenesis --- Cymbidium --- floral scents --- volatile organic compounds --- metabolomic analysis --- differential metabolites --- enzyme activity --- gene expression --- leaf color --- Cymbidium sinense --- n/a

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This book presents recent advances in computational methods for polymers. It covers multiscale modeling of polymers, polymerization reactions, and polymerization processes as well as control, monitoring, and estimation methods applied to polymerization processes. It presents theoretical insights gained from multiscale modeling validated with exprimental measurements. The book consolidates new computational tools and methods developed by academic researchers in this area and presents them systematically. The book is useful for graduate students, researchers, and process engineers and managers.

rapid tooling --- additive manufacturing --- failure modes --- injection molding --- modeling --- olefin --- gas phase --- kinetics --- hyperbranched --- Monte Carlo simulation --- radius of gyration --- span length --- continuous stirred-tank reactor --- data-driven parameter estimation --- retrospective cost model refinement algorithm --- global sensitivity analysis --- polyolefin synthesis --- olefin copolymerization --- reactivity ratios --- electronic effects --- salan catalysts --- post-metallocene --- DFT --- insertion kinetics --- olefin capture --- PolyEThyleneAmidoAmine (PETAA) dendrimer --- molecular topological indices --- Eccentric connectivity index --- copolymerization --- design of experiments --- reactivity ratio estimation --- terpolymerization --- PLP-SEC --- n-butyl acrylate --- degree of branching --- nanostar dendrimer --- irregularity measure --- complexity of structure --- NS1[p] --- NS2[p] --- NS3[p] --- subspace identification --- polymer processing --- model predictive control --- rotational molding --- batch process modeling and control --- method of moments --- free-radical polymerization --- methyl acrylate --- thermal polymerization --- high-temperature polymerization --- molecular graph --- irregularity indices --- dendrimers --- density functional theory --- inhibitors --- phenolic --- stable nitroxide radicals --- styrene --- polymerization --- RAFT polymerization --- multi-rate observer --- nonlinear sampled-data system --- measurements with delay --- parameter fitting --- droplet impact --- viscoelasticity --- volume of fluid method --- process intensification --- operability --- modularity --- process modeling and simulation --- n/a