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The use of formulae has become widespread in recent years across most developed countries. In the UK, a conservative estimate is that annually £150 billion of public service expenditure is distributed using formulae, in services such as health care, local government, social security and higher education. This book offers a comprehensive introduction to the theory and practice underlying the use of such formulae as a basis for funding public services. The philosophy, design and economic consequences of funding formulae have become key policy issues worldwide. However, till now, there has been no text which brings together the economic, statistical and political issues underlying formula funding. This key book fills that gap. Written by a leading international expert on the design of funding formulae, this important book includes empirical evidence from a range of countries and will be a valuable resource for all those involved in this field.
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We are currently experiencing a climate crisis that is associated with extreme weather events worldwide. Some of its most noticeable effects are increases in temperatures, droughts, and desertification. These effects are already making whole regions unsuitable for agriculture. Therefore, we urgently need global measures to mitigate the effects of climate breakdown as well as crop alternatives that are more stress-resilient. These crop alternatives can come from breeding new varieties of well-established crops, such as wheat and barley. They can also come from promoting underutilized crop species that are naturally tolerant to some stresses, such as quinoa. Either way, we need to gather more knowledge on how plants respond to stresses related to climate breakdown, such as heat, water-deficit, flooding high salinity, nitrogen, and heavy metal stress. This Special Issue provides a timely collection of recent advances in the understanding of plant responses to these stresses. This information will definitely be useful to the design of new strategies to prevent the loss of more cultivable land and to reclaim the land that has already been declared unsuitable.
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This book explores the resource allocation process in contemporary private research universities through six richly detailed case studies. It includes an extensive discussion of historical approaches to university resource allocation. The cases are based on in-depth interviews with university presidents, provosts, deans financial officers, and department chairs. The evolution of university resource allocation systems is discussed in relation to institutional history, mission, culture, priorities, leadership, and prevailing financial condition.
Private universities and colleges --- Resource allocation --- Finance --- Finance.
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Decision making. --- Management --- Resource allocation. --- Sustainable development. --- Environmental aspects.
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This book is an exploration of the latest insights into the theory and functioning of plant resource allocation. An international team of ecologists has prepared chapters devoted to the fundamental topics of resource allocation. Anyone interested in plant ecology, physiological ecology, crop science, and related disciplines in the plant and environmental sciences will want this important reference.
Plant physiology. Plant biophysics --- Plant resource allocation. --- Plant ecophysiology. --- Environmental plant physiology --- Physiological plant ecology --- Plant physiological ecology --- Ecophysiology --- Plant ecology --- Plant physiology --- Resource allocation in plants --- Plant ecophysiology --- Plant resource allocation
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Capital budget. --- Resource allocation. --- Capital budget --- Resource allocation --- Financial Management & Planning --- Finance --- Business & Economics --- Allocation of resources --- Resources allocation --- Economics --- Management --- Operations research --- Organization --- Planning --- Feasibility studies --- Capital budgeting --- Budget --- Capital investments --- Public investments
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The use of formulae has become widespread in recent years across most developed countries. In the UK, a conservative estimate is that annually £150 billion of public service expenditure is distributed using formulae, in services such as health care, local government, social security and higher education. This book offers a comprehensive introduction to the theory and practice underlying the use of such formulae as a basis for funding public services. The philosophy, design and economic consequences of funding formulae have become key policy issues worldwide. However, till now,
Municipal services --- Resource allocation. --- Finance. --- Allocation of resources --- Resources allocation --- Economics --- Management --- Operations research --- Organization --- Planning --- Feasibility studies --- risk --- adjustment --- case --- payment --- capitation --- payments --- mechanism --- mechanisms --- cream --- skimming
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This book presents examples of engineering applications; particularly Industrial Engineering applications. Six distinct cases are included. The applications range from product design to quality control. The emphasis is on developing methodologies that can enhance utilization of resources. Case studies are important in demonstrating the use of engineering design principles and methodologies. The published literature, however, shows a paucity of cases that may be used for teaching and learning purposes. The reasons for a dearth of published case studies are many, including the propriety nature of problems and confidentiality of data. Such issues are further aggravated as many companies are self-insured and are reluctant to share information with outsiders.
Resource allocation --- Industrial engineering --- Management engineering --- Simplification in industry --- Engineering --- Value analysis (Cost control) --- Allocation of resources --- Resources allocation --- Economics --- Management --- Operations research --- Organization --- Planning --- Feasibility studies
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Written by a leading expert in the field, this unique book describes the technical requirements for three-tier shared spectrum as well as key policy rationale and the impact for 5G. Detail is provided on the inception of the concept and its implementation in the US Citizens Broadband Radio Service (CBRS), along with descriptions of standards for deployment, algorithms required for implementation, and the broader consequences for wireless network and service architectures. The economic and innovation incentives offered by three-tier spectrum are described, along with potential outcomes such as widely deployed neutral host networks. There is also detailed technical analysis of the unique challenges introduced by three-tier spectrum, such as co-existence among non-cooperating networks. Covering a wide range of spectrum bands, International Telecommunication Union (ITU) international allocations, and rule structures that can be adapted for different regimes, this is ideal for an international readership of communications engineers, policy-makers, regulators, and industry strategic planners.
Radio resource management (Wireless communications) --- Computer network architectures. --- Architectures, Computer network --- Network architectures, Computer --- Computer architecture --- Wireless communications resource management --- Resource allocation --- Wireless communication systems --- Management
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