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Demyelinating diseases are characterized by an extensive loss of oligodendrocytes and myelin sheaths from axolemma, which commonly result in disability in young adults. To date, there is no effective treatment against these neurological disorders. In the adult brain, there are neural stem cells (NSCs) that reside within a niche denominated ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) in the lateral wall of the cerebral ventricles. NSCs give rise to neurons and oligodendrocytes that help preserve cellular homeostasis. Growing evidence indicates that V-SVZ progenitor cells may represent an endogenous source of oligodendrocytes that can be useful to treat demyelinating diseases. This e-Book collected the most recent evidence regarding the mechanisms that modulate the proliferation, migration, quiescence, cell-fate choices and survival of oligodendrocyte precursors generated in the V-SVZ. Herein, we compiled information about the role of Sonic hedgehog, NMDA receptors, ErbB proteins, hemopressin, erythropoietin, osmolarity and microglia in the oligodendrocyte production. Some chapters also describe the role of oligodendrocyte precursors in the preservation of cellular homeostasis, aging and white matter repair. All these information is presented as novel research findings, short communications, and review articles, which were written by experts in the field of oligodendrocyte generation, myelin production and white matter re-myelinatio
Brain --- Neural stem cells. --- Aging. --- myelin --- oligodendrocyte precursor cell --- white matter --- demyelinating disease --- ventricular-subventricular zone --- neural regeneration --- oligodendrocyte --- axolemma --- Neural Stem Cells --- oligodendrogenesis --- remyelination
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This book is a collective work of international experts in the neural stem cell field. The book incorporates the characterization of embryonic and adult neural stem cells in both invertebrates and vertebrates. It highlights the history and the most advanced discoveries in neural stem cells, and summarizes the mechanisms of neural stem cell development. In particular, this book provides strategies and discusses the challenges of utilizing neural stem cells for therapy of neurological disorders and brain and spinal cord injuries. It is suitable for general readers, students, doctors and researchers who are interested in understanding the principles of and new discoveries in neural stem cells and therapy.
Neural stem cells. --- Neuronal stem cells --- Multipotent stem cells --- Neurons --- Cellular biology (cytology)
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This book is an attempt to accumulate the researches on diverse inter disciplinary field of engineering and management using Fuzzy Inference System (FIS). The book is organized in seven sections with twenty two chapters, covering a wide range of applications. Section I, caters theoretical aspects of FIS in chapter one. Section II, dealing with FIS applications to management related problems and consisting three chapters. Section III, accumulates six chapters to commemorate FIS application to mechanical and industrial engineering problems. Section IV, elaborates FIS application to image processing and cognition problems encompassing four chapters. Section V, describes FIS application to various power system engineering problem in three chapters. Section VI highlights the FIS application to system modeling and control problems and constitutes three chapters. Section VII accommodates two chapters and presents FIS application to civil engineering problem.
Neural stem cells. --- Neuronal stem cells --- Multipotent stem cells --- Neurons --- Neural networks & fuzzy systems
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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact
nutrient sensing --- energy balance --- hypothalamus --- olfactory bulb --- melanocortin system --- polyunsaturated fatty acids --- ceramides --- neural stem cells
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Stem cells --- Developmental neurobiology. --- Neural Stem Cells. --- Neurogenesis. --- Stem Cells --- Stem Cell Research --- Therapeutic use. --- physiology. --- ethics.
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Somatic stem cells reside in definite compartments, known as “niches”, within developed organs and tissues, being able to renew themselves, differentiate and ensure tissue maintenance and repair. In contrast with the original dogmatic distinction between renewing and non-renewing tissues, somatic stem cells have been found in almost every human organ, including brain and heart. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells residing in the connective stroma of adult tissues and organs, endowed with outstanding plasticity and trophic features. Strictly-defined MSCs have been originally described as fibroblastoid cells in the bone marrow stroma, able to give rise to differentiated bone cells. Thereafter, additional tissue sources, including adipose tissue, skin, muscle, among others, have been exploited for isolating cell populations that share MSC-like biological features. MSCs are able to differentiate along multiple mesodermal lineages and are believed to represent the key somatic stem cell within the skeletogenic niche, being conceptually able to produce any tissue included within a mature skeletal segment (bone, cartilage, blood vessels, adipose tissue, and supporting connective stroma). Despite this high plasticity, the claim that MSCs could be capable of transdifferentiation along non-mesodermal lineages, including neurons, has been strongly argued. No clear scientific clue has indeed proved the possibility to achieve a functional non-mesordermal phenotype upon MSCs in vitro induction or in vivo inoculation. Adult osteogenic and neurogenic niches display wide differences: embryo origin, microenvironment, progenitors’ lifespan, lineages of supporting cells. Although similar pathways may be involved, it is hard to believe that the osteogenic and neurogenic lineages can share functional features. Beyond embryo stage, neurogenesis persists throughout postnatal life in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the forebrain lateral ventricles and in the subgranular zone of the hippocampus of adult brain. Here the principal reservoirs of adult neural stem cells reside in specific niches and generate neurons and glial cells to sustain the turnover of selected brain compartments. Studying these reservoirs is useful to gather information on the specialized cellular microenvironments and molecular signals that are needed to maintain neural stem cells in vivo, regulating the fine equilibrium between proliferation and differentiation, acting on the switch between symmetrical and asymmetrical cell division. Based on this contemporary background, this Research Topic wish to provide an in-depth revision of the state of the art on relevant scientific milestones addressing the differences and possible interconnections and overlaps, between the osteogenic and the neurogenic niche, clarifying the questioned issue of neuronal transdifferentiation of somatic stem cells.
Neuroscience. --- Neuropeptide Y --- Stem Cell Niche --- Mesenchymal Stromal Cells --- Neural Stem Cells --- Regenerative Medicine --- Wnt/beta-catenin signaling --- Bone Marrow --- Neural Crest --- RUNX2
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The discovery that mammalian brains contain neural stem cells which perform adult neurogenesis - the production and integration of new neurons into mature neural circuits - has provided a fully new vision of neural plasticity. On a theoretical basis, this achievement opened new perspectives for therapeutic approaches in restorative and regenerative neurology. Nevertheless, in spite of striking advancement concerning the molecular and cellular mechanisms which allow and regulate the neurogenic process, its exploitation in mammals for brain repair strategies remains unsolved. In non-mammalian vertebrates, adult neurogenesis also contributes to brain repair/regeneration. In mammals, neural stem cells do respond to pathological conditions in the so called "reactive neurogenesis", yet without substantial regenerative outcome. Why, even in the presence of stem cells in the brain, we lack an effective reparative outcome in terms of regenerative neurology, and which factors hamper the attainment of this goal? Essentially, what remains unanswered is the question whether (and how) physiological functions of adult neurogenesis in mammals can be exploited for brain repair purposes.
Neurodegenerative Diseases --- structural plasticity --- brain repair --- Cell specification --- cell therapy --- cell migration --- brain evolution --- Neural Stem Cells --- Regenerative Medicine --- therapeutic approaches
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This comprehensive volume is the first to specifically target developing, adult and diseased neural stem cells. It explores recent advances in the understanding of neural stem cell biology along with strategies that use these cells to tackle neurological diseases and brain aging. Ten inclusive chapters discuss a wide range of topics including neurogenesis, neurodegeneration, demyelinating disease, mood regulation, and spinal cord regeneration, among others. Written by world-renowned scientists in the field, Neural Stem Cells in Development, Adulthood and Disease presents cutting-edge studies of interest to both established neurogenesis researchers and readers with general interests in nervous system science. It is an authoritative addition to the Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine series. .
Life Sciences. --- Stem Cells. --- Neurosciences. --- Developmental Biology. --- Life sciences. --- Stem cells. --- Developmental biology. --- Sciences de la vie --- Neurosciences --- Cellules souches --- Biologie du développement --- Neural stem cells --- Nervous System Physiological Processes --- Biological Science Disciplines --- Stem Cells --- Cell Differentiation --- Nervous System Physiological Phenomena --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Cells --- Cell Physiological Processes --- Cell Physiological Phenomena --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Anatomy --- Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena --- Phenomena and Processes --- Physiology --- Neural Stem Cells --- Nerve Regeneration --- Neurogenesis --- Biology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Cytology --- Neural stem cells. --- Neuronal stem cells --- Multipotent stem cells --- Neurons --- Colony-forming units (Cells) --- Mother cells --- Progenitor cells --- Development (Biology) --- Growth --- Ontogeny --- Neural sciences --- Neurological sciences --- Neuroscience --- Medical sciences --- Nervous system
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Nerve regeneration. --- Neural stem cells. --- Neurogenesis. --- Stem cell transplantation. --- Cell surface antigens --- Nervous system --- Stem cells --- Cellular therapy --- Biological Science Disciplines --- Stem Cells --- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal --- Cytophotometry --- Cell Adhesion Molecules --- Cytological Techniques --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Fluorometry --- Cells --- Antigens, Surface --- Membrane Glycoproteins --- Luminescent Measurements --- Clinical Laboratory Techniques --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Anatomy --- Membrane Proteins --- Antigens --- Photometry --- Glycoproteins --- Investigative Techniques --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Proteins --- Chemistry Techniques, Analytical --- Biological Factors --- Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Flow Cytometry --- Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules --- Physiology --- Neural Stem Cells --- Biology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Microbiology & Immunology --- Diseases --- Treatment --- Transplantation --- Antigens. --- Immunity --- Immunoglobulins
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