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Calcium is the main mineral in the body, involved in a variety of structural and functional roles. The maintenance of calcium homeostasis is perhaps the most studied function of vitamin D. This Special Issue of Nutrients, “Calcium, Vitamin D and Health” contains 12 original publications and two reviews investigating the contribution of (mainly) vitamin D and calcium on relevant health outcomes in a variety of populations, which reflect the evolving and broad interest of researchers on this topic.

Vitamin D --- females --- exercise --- sedentary lifestyle --- nutrition --- elderly --- vitamin D --- depression --- depressive symptoms --- Mendelian randomization --- cyclists --- adolescence --- bone turnover --- osteocalcin --- dietary calcium intake --- adolescent boys --- adiposity --- percentage of body fat --- insulin resistance --- adipocytokines --- type 1 diabetes --- type 2 diabetes --- metabolic syndrome --- autoimmune --- children --- cancer --- vitamin D metabolites --- vitamin D supplementation --- vitamin D metabolite ratio --- randomized controlled trial --- 24,25-dihydroxy vitamin D --- calcitriol --- body mass index --- lean mass --- fat mass --- bone mineral density --- postmenopausal women --- obesity --- macronutrients --- sunlight --- physical activity --- season --- body composition --- strength --- bone health --- mediation --- childhood --- enriched food --- child --- cholecalciferol --- ergocalciferols --- dairy products --- multiple sclerosis --- fibroblast growth factor 23 --- vitamin D binding protein --- hypovitaminosis D --- 25-hydroxyvitamin D --- postherpetic neuralgia --- spontaneous pain --- brush-evoked pain --- varicella-zoster virus immunoglobulin --- DN4questionnaire --- vitamin D deficiency --- vitamin D supplements --- weight loss --- low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol --- high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol --- triglycerides (TG) --- blood pressure --- n/a --- athletic performance --- 25(OH)D --- supplementation --- deficiency --- athlete