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African Americans --- Black power --- Political violence --- Violence --- Political crimes and offenses --- Terrorism --- Politics and government --- History --- Black Panther Party --- Black Panthers --- BPP (Black Panther Party) --- B.P.P. (Black Panther Party) --- Black Panther Party for Self-Defense --- History. --- United States --- Race relations --- Biography --- 20th century

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Living for the City: Migration, Education, and the Rise of the Black Panther Party in Oakland, California

Education, Higher --- African Americans --- College students --- Higher education --- Postsecondary education --- Universities and colleges --- Afro-Americans --- Black Americans --- Colored people (United States) --- Negroes --- Africans --- Ethnology --- Blacks --- History --- Education (Higher) --- Migrations --- Social conditions --- Politics and government --- Education --- Black Panther Party --- Black Panthers --- BPP (Black Panther Party) --- B.P.P. (Black Panther Party) --- Black Panther Party for Self-Defense --- History. --- Oakland (Calif.) --- City of Oakland (Calif.) --- Ethnic relations. --- Black people

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She traces the emergence of this Black aesthetic from its origin in the Black Power movement's emphasis on the creation of visual icons and the Black Arts movement's celebration of urban vernacular culture.

Sociology of culture --- Sociology of minorities --- United States --- African American arts --- African Americans --- Arts --- Black Arts movement --- Black nationalism --- Black power --- Negritude --- Afro-American arts --- Arts, African American --- Negro arts --- Ethnic arts --- Arts, Fine --- Arts, Occidental --- Arts, Western --- Fine arts --- Humanities --- Intellectual life --- Race identity --- Political aspects --- History --- Ethnic identity --- Black Panther Party --- Black Panthers --- BPP (Black Panther Party) --- B.P.P. (Black Panther Party) --- Black Panther Party for Self-Defense --- History. --- Black Arts movement. --- Race identity. --- Arts, Primitive --- United States of America

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The Black Panther Party represents Black Panther Party members' coordinated responses over the last four decades to the failure of city, state, and federal bureaucrats to address the basic needs of their respective communities. The Party pioneered free social service programs that are now in the mainstream of American life. The Party's Sickle Cell Anemia Research Foundation, operated with Oakland's Children's Hospital, was among the nation's first such testing programs. Its Free Breakfast Program served as a model for national programs. Other initiatives included free clinics, grocery givea.

African Americans --- Poor --- Community life --- Afro-Americans --- Black Americans --- Colored people (United States) --- Negroes --- Africans --- Ethnology --- Blacks --- Associations, institutions, etc. --- Human ecology --- Disadvantaged, Economically --- Economically disadvantaged --- Impoverished people --- Low-income people --- Pauperism --- Poor, The --- Poor people --- Persons --- Social classes --- Poverty --- Services for --- Societies, etc. --- Politics and government --- Economic conditions --- Black Panther Party --- Black Panthers --- BPP (Black Panther Party) --- B.P.P. (Black Panther Party) --- Black Panther Party for Self-Defense --- History. --- Sozialhilfe --- Armut --- Schwarze --- Oakland. --- Oakland --- Black power --- Partei --- USA --- Oakland, Calif. --- City of Oakland (Calif.) --- Black people

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Rap and Politics maps out fifty years of political and musical development by exploring three specific moments of local discourse, each a response to failures by local, state, and national governments to address police brutality, violence, poverty, and poor social conditions in Oakland, California and the surrounding Bay Area. First, in the mid-1960s, Black youth responded to repressive political and socioeconomic factors in West Oakland by founding the Black Panther Party for Self Defense, whose representation of violence and community aid, as well as its radical and militant approach to Black Nationalism, became a foundational discourse that shaped the development of rap music in the region. Second, from the collapse of the Party in the early 1980s through the 1990s, gangster rap emerged as a form of political expression among local youth, who drew heavily on radical and militant elements of Panther discourse in their lyrics and artwork. Third, hyphy music in the mid-1990s to early 2000s continued these radical discourses and also incorporated coordinated, subversive public behavior to the mix. The result was a critique of endemic problems facing the local Black community, but also an infectious subgenre of party music that gained mainstream popularity. Overall, this study shows that the specific types of representation created to resist problems of racism and poverty in Oakland is actually key to understanding other rap undergrounds, grassroots subcultures, and social movements elsewhere. In the process, Rap and Politics offers readers a new model focused on the development of settings, representation, movements, discourse banks, and impact within underground rap scenes. Lavar Pope is Clinical Assistant Professor of Political Science at Arrupe College of Loyola University Chicago, USA.

Political science. --- Music. --- African Americans. --- Political communication. --- Political Science. --- African American Culture. --- Political Communication. --- Political communication --- Political science --- African Americans --- Afro-Americans --- Black Americans --- Colored people (United States) --- Negroes --- Africans --- Ethnology --- Blacks --- Art music --- Art music, Western --- Classical music --- Musical compositions --- Musical works --- Serious music --- Western art music --- Western music (Western countries) --- Administration --- Civil government --- Commonwealth, The --- Government --- Political theory --- Political thought --- Politics --- Science, Political --- Social sciences --- State, The --- Black power --- Rap (Music) --- Racism --- Bias, Racial --- Race bias --- Race prejudice --- Racial bias --- Prejudices --- Anti-racism --- Critical race theory --- Race relations --- Hip-hop music --- Rap songs --- Rappin' (Music) --- Rapping (Music) --- Monologues with music --- Popular music --- Trip hop (Music) --- Power, Black --- Black nationalism --- History --- Political aspects. --- Black Panther Party --- Black Panthers --- BPP (Black Panther Party) --- B.P.P. (Black Panther Party) --- Black Panther Party for Self-Defense --- History. --- Music and race --- Political aspects --- Culture. --- Communication in politics. --- Cultural sociology --- Culture --- Sociology of culture --- Civilization --- Popular culture --- Black people --- Social aspects