Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Die Untersuchung stellt die Kategorien der Nominalflexion des Deutschen unter dem Gesichtspunkt dar, wie die morphologische Realisierung von Numerus, Genus und Kasus an Nomen, Artikel, Adjektiv und Pronomen vom Lerner im natürlichen Deutsch-als-Zweitsprache-Erwerb erkannt und erlernt werden kann. Dazu werden zunächst die semantischen und syntaktischen Funktionen der einzelnen Kategorien aufgezeigt und die Systematizität der Flexionsparadigmen dargelegt, soweit eine solche im heutigen Deutsch noch gegeben ist, d.h. hier werden Regularitäten und Irregularitäten der Flexionsmorphologie dargestellt und dabei auch derzeit zu beobachtende Veränderungen im Flexionssystem berücksichtigt. Sodann wird für die einzelnen Flexive deren Validität, Salienz und Frequenz untersucht, für die Flexionsregeln deren Validität und Skopus auf der Basis eines Grundwortschatzes errechnet. Auf der Grundlage der Generativen Morphologie, insbesondere der Markiertheitstheorie, werden unmarkiert-reguläre, markiert-reguläre und irreguläre Formen unterschieden und deren Lernbarkeit nach unterschiedlichen Erwerbsstrategien diskutiert. Ziel ist, die Komplexität der deutschen Nominalflexion zu erklären und damit eine der Hauptschwierigkeiten der ausländischen Lerner transparenter zu machen. Kurzgefaßte didaktische Überlegungen und konkrete Vorschläge beschließen jeweils die linguistisch-deskriptiv orientierten Kapitel. Die Ergebnisse sind nicht nur für jeden, der mit DaZ-Erwerb und DaF-Unterricht zu tun hat, also für Psycholinguisten und Spracherwerbsforscher, Didaktiker und Lehrwerkautoren bzw. Lehrer von Interesse, sondern können auch dem 'nur' an Grammatik interessierten Germanisten das Phänomen der deutschen Nominalflexion neu und anders, nämlich aus der Lernerperspektive heraus, eröffnen.

Grammar --- German language --- -German language --- -Declension --- Study and teaching --- Noun --- Declension. --- Noun. --- Study and teaching. --- -Ashkenazic German language --- Hochdeutsch --- Judaeo-German language (German) --- Judendeutsch language --- Judeo-German language (German) --- Jüdisch-Deutsch language --- Jüdischdeutsch language --- Germanic languages --- Declension --- Ashkenazic German language --- German language - Declension --- German language - Study and teaching --- German language - Noun

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Complexity theory is the theory of determining the necessary resources for the solution of algorithmic problems and, therefore, the limits of what is possible with the available resources. An understanding of these limits prevents the search for non-existing efficient algorithms. This textbook considers randomization as a key concept and emphasizes the interplay between theory and practice: New branches of complexity theory continue to arise in response to new algorithmic concepts, and its results - such as the theory of NP-completeness - have influenced the development of all areas of computer science. The topics selected have implications for concrete applications, and the significance of complexity theory for today's computer science is stressed throughout.

Algorithms. --- Algorithmes --- Algorithms --- Computer Science --- Mathematical Theory --- Mathematics --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Constructive mathematics. --- EPUB-LIV-FT LIVINFOR SPRINGER-B --- Mathematics, Constructive --- Algorism --- Computer science. --- Computer programming. --- Coding theory. --- Computer logic. --- Mathematical logic. --- Computer Science. --- Programming Techniques. --- Algorithm Analysis and Problem Complexity. --- Coding and Information Theory. --- Logics and Meanings of Programs. --- Mathematical Logic and Formal Languages. --- Algebra --- Arithmetic --- Foundations --- Logic, Symbolic and mathematical --- Computer software. --- Logic design. --- Data compression (Telecommunication) --- Digital electronics --- Information theory --- Machine theory --- Signal theory (Telecommunication) --- Computer programming --- Design, Logic --- Design of logic systems --- Electronic circuit design --- Logic circuits --- Switching theory --- Software, Computer --- Computer systems --- Informatics --- Science --- Information theory. --- Algebra of logic --- Logic, Universal --- Mathematical logic --- Symbolic and mathematical logic --- Symbolic logic --- Algebra, Abstract --- Metamathematics --- Set theory --- Syllogism --- Computer science logic --- Communication theory --- Communication --- Cybernetics --- Computers --- Electronic computer programming --- Electronic data processing --- Electronic digital computers --- Programming (Electronic computers) --- Coding theory --- Programming --- Logic, Symbolic and mathematical.

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

This book reviews several aspects of the biological response to nanoscale particles on a molecular and cellular level. Nanoscale materials and nanoscale particles in particular have interesting properties and beneficial applications. While they thus have entered our daily lifes on many different levels (from electronics, over textiles, packaging or surface modifications, to biomedical applications), general rules describing their interaction with biological structures and biological matter are still difficult to derive. The existing literature suggests a variety of interaction schemes between nanoparticles and biological objects, not dispelling the public concerns about possible health effects and harmful properties. A systematic approach to the problem is needed and timely. This book specifically emphasizes bioanalytical problems starting from the characterization of the nanomaterials to the pitfalls and potential artifacts of state-of-the-art cytotoxicity assays that are frequently used to study harmful effects on cells. It also highlights the application of label-free bioanalytical techniques that can potentially complement the present approaches and hence provide new perspectives on this highly discussed cutting-edge field of research and public concern.

Analytical Chemistry --- Chemistry --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Nanostructured materials. --- Nanomaterials --- Nanometer materials --- Nanophase materials --- Nanostructure controlled materials --- Nanostructure materials --- Ultra-fine microstructure materials --- Microstructure --- Nanotechnology --- Analytical biochemistry. --- Nanochemistry. --- Biochemistry. --- Medicine. --- Biotechnology. --- Analytical Chemistry. --- Biochemistry, general. --- Biomedicine general. --- Biological and Medical Physics, Biophysics. --- Chemical engineering --- Genetic engineering --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Human biology --- Life sciences --- Medical sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Biology --- Nanoscale chemistry --- Chemistry, Analytic --- Nanoscience --- Analytic biochemistry --- Biochemistry --- Composition --- Analytical chemistry. --- Biophysics. --- Biological physics. --- Biomedicine, general. --- Biological physics --- Physics --- Analysis, Chemical --- Analytical chemistry --- Chemical analysis --- Metallurgical analysis --- Mineralogy, Determinative --- Health Workforce --- Analytic chemistry

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

This book is dedicated to label-free, non-invasive monitoring of cell-based assays and it comprises the most widely applied techniques. Each approach is described and critically evaluated by an expert in the field such that researchers get an overview on what is possible and where the limitations are. The book provides the theoretical basis for each technique as well as the most successful and exciting applications. Label-free bioanalytical techniques have been known for a long time as valuable tools to monitor adsorption processes at the solid-liquid interface in general – and biomolecular interaction analysis (BIA) in particular. The underlying concepts have been progressively transferred to the analysis of cell-based assays. The strength of these approaches is implicitly given with the name 'label-free': the readout is independent of any label, reagent or additive that contaminates the system under study and potentially affects its properties. Thus, label-free techniques provide an unbiased analytical perspective in the sense that the sample is not manipulated by additives but pure. They are commonly based on physical principles and read changes in integral physical properties of the sample like refractive index, conductivity, capacitance or elastic modulus to mention just a few. Even though it is not implied in the name, label-free approaches usually monitor the cells under study non-invasively meaning that the amplitude of the signal (e.g. electric field strength, mechanical elongation) that is used for the measurement is too low to interfere or affect. In contrast to label-based analytical techniques that are commonly restricted to a single reading at a predefined time point, label-free approaches allow for a continuous observation so that the dynamics of the biological system or reaction become accessible.

Analytical chemistry. --- Nanochemistry. --- Laboratory medicine. --- Cell culture. --- Biophysics. --- Biological physics. --- Analytical Chemistry. --- Laboratory Medicine. --- Cell Culture. --- Biological and Medical Physics, Biophysics. --- Biological assay. --- Assay, Biological --- Bioassay --- Biology --- Methodology --- Biological physics --- Medical sciences --- Physics --- Cultures (Biology) --- Cytology --- Clinical medicine --- Clinical pathology --- Diagnostic laboratory tests --- Laboratory diagnosis --- Laboratory medicine --- Medical laboratory diagnosis --- Diagnosis --- Pathology --- Nanoscale chemistry --- Analytical chemistry --- Nanoscience --- Analysis, Chemical --- Analytic chemistry --- Chemical analysis --- Chemistry, Analytic --- Chemistry --- Technique

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Geology --- Structural