Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

This paper documents the additional spending that is required for sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) to achieve meaningful progress in SDGs by 2030. Benin and Rwanda are presented in detail through case studies. The main lessons are: i) average additional spending across SSA is significant, at 19 percent of GDP in 2030; ii) countries must prioritize their development objectives according to their capacity to deliver satisfactory outcomes, iii) financing strategies should articulate multiple sources given the scale of additional spending, and iv) strong national ownership of SDGs is key and should be reflected in long-term development plans and medium-term policy commitments.

Investments: Energy --- Sustainable Development --- Demography --- Education: General --- Health: General --- Demographic Economics: General --- Electric Utilities --- Development economics & emerging economies --- Education --- Health economics --- Population & demography --- Investment & securities --- Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) --- Health --- Population and demographics --- Electricity --- Development --- Commodities --- Sustainable development --- Population --- Electric utilities --- Benin

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) will require that the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries continue their considerable past achievements. The Millennium Development Goals—which were to have been met by 2015—helped focus attention on achieving progress towards poverty reduction, better health outcomes, and improvements in education in the ASEAN developing countries. The 17 SDGs—adopted in 2015 and to be met by 2030—cover a wider set of interlinked development objectives, such as inclusion and environmental sustainability, which are important for all countries, including all ASEAN member countries. ASEAN countries have made significant progress in improving incomes and economic opportunities, including for women, and reducing poverty since 2000. Reflecting the economic dynamism of the region, strong income growth, structural transformation, and infrastructure improvements continue to support sustainable development in ASEAN. With continued income growth and strong policy efforts, most ASEAN countries are on track to eradicate absolute poverty by 2030, a major milestone. Also, several ASEAN countries already do relatively well in terms of gender equality. As a result, given support from continued income gains, economic welfare in ASEAN countries is expected to continue converging towards advanced Asia levels. Ensuring more inclusive and environmentally sustainable growth presents a key challenge for ASEAN. Despite some progress, income inequality remains relatively high in several countries and the shift towards manufacturing strains environmental sustainability. These challenges hamper ASEAN welfare convergence relative to advanced Asia. Policies to close these gaps in sustainable development can lead to significant gains. For the lower-middle-income ASEAN countries, in particular, more determined policy efforts are needed to improve infrastructure, as well as health and education outcomes. Remaining sustainable development challenges call for comprehensive, country-specific SDG strategies formulated in the context of national development plans and close monitoring through the voluntary review process. Pursuing sustainable development entails sizeable spending needs. Estimates for Indonesia and Vietnam, the two cases studies considered in this paper, show that reaching the level of best performers in their income group in infrastructure, health, and education by 2030 could entail an additional cost of 5½–6½ percent of GDP per year. While development needs vary across countries, estimates suggest large spending needs for most ASEAN countries. Meeting them will require efforts on multiple fronts, including improvements in spending efficiency, tax capacity, and support from the private sector. For developing ASEAN countries, concessional financing from development partners will be required. The IMF continues to engage ASEAN countries in key areas as they pursue their SDGs. As called for in their mandates, ASEAN and the IMF both strive for economic growth and sustainable development through economic integration and collaboration among their member countries. The IMF has increased its engagement with ASEAN countries to support their policy efforts through its policy diagnostics, advice, and capacity development. ASEAN countries have also received support through IMF initiatives in strengthening revenue mobilization, building state capacity for infrastructure provision, pursuing economic and financial inclusion, addressing the challenges of climate change, strengthening economic institutions for good governance, and building statistical capacity. While fundamental reforms to improve sustainable development take time to bear fruit, there is evidence that efforts have started to pay off.

ASEAN. --- Sustainable Development Goals. --- International Monetary Fund. --- Capacity --- Capital --- Development economics & emerging economies --- Development --- Education --- Education: General --- Health economics --- Health --- Health: General --- Infrastructure --- Intangible Capital --- Investment --- Macroeconomics --- National accounts --- Saving and investment --- Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) --- Sustainable Development --- Sustainable development --- Vietnam

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

This paper uses a novel macroeconomic framework to identify policy and financing options to help Rwanda achieve its sustainable development goals (SDGs). Under current policies, Rwanda would meet its SDGs right after 2050. Active policies that combine fiscal reforms and higher private sector participation could fulfill more than one third of Rwanda’s post-pandemic SDG financing gap, enabling the country to meet its SDG targets by 2040. For Rwanda to meet its SDGs by 2030, active policies would need to be complemented with about 13¾ percentage points of GDP in additional resources annually until then.

Rwanda --- Macroeconomics --- Economics: General --- Sustainable Development --- Diseases: Contagious --- Labor --- Foreign Exchange --- Informal Economy --- Underground Econom --- Health Behavior --- Human Capital --- Skills --- Occupational Choice --- Labor Productivity --- Fiscal Policy --- Education: General --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Economics of specific sectors --- Development economics & emerging economies --- Infectious & contagious diseases --- Labour --- income economics --- Education --- Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) --- Development --- COVID-19 --- Health --- Human capital --- Fiscal space --- Fiscal policy --- Currency crises --- Informal sector --- Economics --- Sustainable development --- Communicable diseases --- Covid-19 --- Income economics

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

The global economy has been resilient and appears headed for a soft landing. Inflation continues to recede and risks have become more balanced globally. Nonetheless, medium-term growth prospects remain at the lowest level in decades and a smooth completion of the disinflation process should not be taken for granted. While the outlook for low-income developing countries (LIDCs) is improving, risks are tilted to the downside. The pace of convergence toward higher living standards has slowed, making it increasingly challenging to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In the last mile of disinflation, central banks should ensure that inflation moves durably to target: they should neither ease policies prematurely nor delay too long and risk causing target undershoot. Fiscal policies need to rebuild budgetary room and ensure debt sustainability. Fostering faster productivity growth and facilitating the green transition are keys to improving long-term growth prospects. Multilateral cooperation is key to enhancing the resilience of the global economy in a more shock-prone world.

Climate change --- Climate finance --- Climate --- Climatic changes --- Deflation --- Development economics & emerging economies --- Development --- Disinflation --- Economics --- Energy: Government Policy --- Environment --- Environmental Conservation and Protection --- Environmental Economics --- Environmental Economics: General --- Global Warming --- Green finance / sustainable finance --- Industrial productivity --- Inflation --- Macroeconomics --- Monetary economics --- Monetary Policy --- Monetary policy --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Natural Disasters and Their Management --- Political Economy --- Political economy --- Price Level --- Prices --- Production and Operations Management --- Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) --- Sustainable Development --- Sustainable development

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

The goal of this paper is to estimate the additional annual spending required for meaningful progress on the SDGs in these areas. Our estimates refer to additional spending in 2030, relative to a baseline of current spending to GDP in these sectors. Toward this end, we apply an innovative costing methodology to a sample of 155 countries: 49 low- income developing countries, 72 emerging market economies, and 34 advanced economies. And we refine the analysis with five country studies: Rwanda, Benin, Vietnam, Indonesia, and Guatemala.

Capacity --- Capital --- Development economics & emerging economies --- Development --- Education and Economic Development --- Education --- Education: General --- Electric Utilities --- Emerging and frontier financial markets --- Finance --- Finance: General --- Financial markets --- Financial services industry --- Fiscal and Monetary Policy in Development --- Foreign Aid --- Gas Utilities --- General Financial Markets: General (includes Measurement and Data) --- Health economics --- Health --- Health: General --- Infrastructure --- Intangible Capital --- International Fiscal Issues --- International Public Goods --- Investment --- Macroeconomics --- Pipelines --- Public finance & taxation --- Public Finance --- Railroads and Other Surface Transportation --- Revenue administration --- Revenue --- Saving and investment --- Structure, Scope, and Performance of Government --- Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) --- Sustainable Development --- Sustainable development --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Water Utilities --- Indonesia