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Today's knowledge economy is driven in large part by the nation's capacity to innovate. One of the defining features of the U.S. economy is a high level of entrepreneurial activity. Entrepreneurs in the United States see opportunities and are willing and able to assume risk to bring new welfare-enhancing, wealth-generating technologies to the market. Yet, although discoveries in areas such as genomics, bioinformatics, and nanotechnology present new opportunities, converting these discoveries into innovations for the market involves substantial challenges. The American capacity for innovation can be strengthened by addressing the challenges faced by entrepreneurs. Public-private partnerships are one means to help entrepreneurs bring new ideas to market. The Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) and the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program form one of the largest examples of U.S. public-private partnerships. In the SBIR Reauthorization Act of 2000, Congress tasked the National Research Council with undertaking a comprehensive study of how the SBIR program has stimulated technological innovation and used small businesses to meet federal research and development needs and with recommending further improvements to the program. When reauthorizing the SBIR and STTR programs in 2011, Congress expanded the study mandate to include a review of the STTR program. This report builds on the methodology and outcomes from the previous review of SBIR and assesses the STTR program.

Small business --- Technology transfer --- Technological innovations --- Evaluation. --- Technological transfer --- Transfer of technology --- Diffusion of innovations --- Inventions --- Research, Industrial --- Technology and international relations --- Foreign licensing agreements --- Technological forecasting --- Technology --- International cooperation --- Research and development contracts, Government --- Technological innovations&delete& --- Evaluation --- Small Business Technology Transfer Program (United States. Department of Defense) --- E-books --- Government R and D contracts --- Government research and development contracts --- Defense contracts --- Military research --- Public contracts --- Science and state --- Technology and state --- Businesses, Small --- Medium-sized business --- Micro-businesses --- Microbusinesses --- Microenterprises --- Small and medium-sized business --- Small and medium-sized enterprises --- Small businesses --- SMEs (Small business) --- Business --- Business enterprises --- Industries --- Size --- DoD STTR Program --- Small Business Technology Transfer Program (United States. Dept. of Defense) --- STTR --- United States.

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More than a century ago Louis Pasteur observed that “Science knows no country, because knowledge belongs to humanity, and is the torch which illuminates the world”. His remark has all the more resonance today with the increasing globa- sation of science, technology, and commerce. But it also underlines an important truth: that science has always advanced most rapidly when it is a collective endeavour, with a strong circulation of knowledge. When it comes to forging cooperation in research, Europe has an impressive track record. This year, the European Union’s Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development celebrates its 20th birthday. It is the world’s largest programme in support of transnational research, promoting cooperation, coor- nation, and mobility across borders. The year 2007 will see the launch of the 7th Framework Programme, the biggest and most ambitious so far. This book will show how the new Framework Programme was put together and explain why it took the shape it did. It will also set out its potential impacts and the conditions necessary for it to be a success. In the challenging new global economy, knowledge is Europe’s most valuable resource, and I am convinced that, with its unprecedented scale and scope, the 7th Framework Programme is the right strategy for a Europe that wants to progress towards a knowledge-based economy. However, the Framework Programme is only a very modest part of total public R&D spending in Europe, the bulk of which is carried out by national governments.

Research --- Technology --- Science --- Research and development contracts --- International cooperation. --- Seventh Framework Programme (European Commission) --- European Commission. --- Seventh Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development --- Framework 7 (European Commission) --- Framework Seven (European Commission) --- FP7 --- Seventh Research Framework Programme (European Commission) --- R & D contracts --- R and D contracts --- R&D contracts --- Research & development contracts --- Contracts --- Natural science --- Science of science --- Sciences --- Applied science --- Arts, Useful --- Science, Applied --- Useful arts --- Industrial arts --- Material culture --- Science research --- Scientific research --- Information services --- Learning and scholarship --- Methodology --- Research teams --- Economic policy. --- International relations. --- European Economic Community lite. --- Political science. --- History. --- R & D/Technology Policy. --- Science, Humanities and Social Sciences, multidisciplinary. --- International Relations. --- European Integration. --- Political Science. --- History of Science. --- Annals --- Auxiliary sciences of history --- Administration --- Civil government --- Commonwealth, The --- Government --- Political theory --- Political thought --- Politics --- Science, Political --- Social sciences --- State, The --- Coexistence --- Foreign affairs --- Foreign policy --- Foreign relations --- Global governance --- Interdependence of nations --- International affairs --- Peaceful coexistence --- World order --- National security --- Sovereignty --- World politics --- Economic nationalism --- Economic planning --- National planning --- State planning --- Economics --- Planning --- Social policy --- European Economic Community literature. --- 334.151.7 --- 334.151.9 --- EEC / European Union - EU -Europese Unie - Union Européenne - UE --- 347.45 --- 347.45 Bijzondere overeenkomsten --(algemeen) --- Bijzondere overeenkomsten --(algemeen) --- International cooperation --- EG : industrieel- en energiebeleid --- EG : varia (leefmilieu, onderwijs, enz.) --- Natural sciences

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Selling Earth observation satellites on their abilities to predict and limit adverse environmental change, politicians, business leaders, the media, and technology enthusiasts have spent sixty years arguing that space exploration can create a more peaceful, prosperous world. Capitalist states have also socialized the risk and privatized the profits of the commercial space industry by convincing taxpayers to fund surveillance technologies as necessary components of sovereignty, freedom, and democracy. Jocelyn Wills's Tug of War reminds us that colonizing the cosmos has not only accelerated the arms race but also encouraged government contractors to compete for the military and commercial spoils of surveillance. Although Canadians prefer to celebrate their role as purveyors of peaceful space applications, Canada has played a pivotal part in the expansion of neoliberal policies and surveillance networks that now encircle the globe, primarily as a political ally of the United States and component supplier for its military-industrial complex. Tracing the forty-five-year history of Canada's largest space company - MacDonald, Dettwiler and Associates (MDA) - through the lens of surveillance studies and a trove of oral history transcripts, government documents, trade journals, and other sources, Wills places capitalism's imperial ambitions squarely at the centre of Canada-US relations and the privatization of the Canadian political economy. Tug of War confronts the mythic lure of technological progress and the ways in which those who profess little interest in war rationalize their leap into military contracting by avoiding the moral and political implications of their work.

Security, International. --- Space security. --- satellite --- espionage --- secret service --- threat to national security --- contemporary history --- new technology --- Outer space security --- Security of outer space --- Security, International --- Collective security --- International security --- International relations --- Disarmament --- International organization --- Peace --- закана за националната безбедност --- atteinte à la sûreté de l'État --- theddida għas-sigurtà nazzjonali --- ohrozenie bezpečnosti štátu --- prijetnja nacionalnoj sigurnosti --- zagrożenie bezpieczeństwa państwa --- infracțiuni contra securității statului --- atentado contra la seguridad del Estado --- Gefährdung der Staatssicherheit --- προσβολή της ασφάλειας του κράτους --- atentado à segurança do Estado --- statsforbrydelse --- vaara valtion turvallisuudelle --- aanslag op de staatsveiligheid --- högförräderi --- kërcënim ndaj sigurisë kombëtare --- заплаха за националната сигурност --- az állam biztonságának veszélyeztetése --- trestné činy proti bezpečnosti státu --- претња националној безбедности --- ogrožanje državne varnosti --- grėsmė valstybės saugumui --- riigi julgeoleku ohustamine --- attentato contro la sicurezza dello Stato --- valsts drošības apdraudējums --- zločin proti mieru --- siguri e Shtetit --- zločin proti bezpečnosti štátu --- trestné činy proti pořádku ve věcech veřejných --- valtion turvallisuus --- nusikaltimas valstybės saugumui --- bezpečnosť štátu --- rahuvastane kuritegu --- delict contra securității statului --- politiek delict --- politisches Vergehen --- állam elleni bűncselekmény --- nusikaltimas taikai --- krim kundër paqes --- delito contra la seguridad del Estado --- infracțiuni contra păcii --- crime contra a segurança do Estado --- безбедност на државата --- προσβολή της δημόσιας τάξης και ασφάλειας --- omstörtande verksamhet --- draudi valsts drošībai --- krænkelse af statens sikkerhed --- noziegums pret mieru --- delitto contro la sicurezza dello Stato --- brott mot rikets säkerhet --- security of the State --- Anschlag gegen die öffentliche Sicherheit --- crime contre la paix publique --- zločin protiv državne sigurnosti --- statsforræderi --- злосторство против мирот --- riigi julgeoleku vastane kuritegu --- кривично дело против уставното уредување --- landssvek --- злосторство против човештвото --- crime contre la sûreté de l'État --- кривично дело против безбедноста на државата --- rikos rauhaa vastaan --- securitatea statului --- noziegums pret valsti --- misdrijf tegen de staatsveiligheid --- béke elleni bűncselekmények --- reato contro la cosa pubblica --- politikai bűncselekmények --- overgreb imod statens sikkerhed --- valstybės saugumas --- εσχάτη προδοσία --- crime against the security of the State --- trestné činy proti republice --- кривични дела против јавниот ред и мир --- έγκλημα κατά της ασφάλειας του κράτους --- Landfriedensbruch --- crime against the peace --- trestné činy proti bezpečnosti republiky --- zločin protiv mira --- krim kundër sigurisë së Shtetit --- riigi julgeolek --- valtiorikos --- underrättelsetjänst --- izlūkdienests --- tajne służby --- servicio secreto --- servizio segreto --- tajná služba --- Geheimdienst --- slaptoji tarnyba --- efterretningsvæsen --- servizz sigriet --- tajna služba --- секретна служба --- geheime dienst --- serviciu secret --- salateenistus --- serviço secreto --- tiedustelupalvelu --- shërbim sekret --- titkosszolgálat --- тајна служба --- service secret --- μυστική υπηρεσία --- obavještajna služba --- Агенција за разузнавање --- výzvědná služba --- serviço secreto de informação --- luureteenistus --- zpravodajská služba --- kontrarozvědka --- servicio de inteligencia --- Gegenspionage --- tiedusteluosasto --- pretizlūkošanas dienests --- luureosakond --- Управа за безбедност и контраразузнавање --- contraespionaje --- Bezpečnostní informační služba --- serviciu de informații --- тајна полиција --- υπηρεσία πληροφοριών --- hírszerző szolgálat --- servicio de información --- výzvedná služba --- service de renseignements --- armijas izlūkdienests --- department of intelligence --- servizio informazioni --- Сектор - Служба за воена безбедност и разузнавање --- departament i inteligjencës --- nemzetbiztonsági szolgálat --- rozvědka --- Spionageabwehr --- säkerhetstjänst --- intelligence service --- Nachrichtendienst --- УБК --- rozviedka --- žvalgybos skyrius --- tajná policie --- vastuluure --- sigurnosna služba --- katonai titkosszolgálat --- hírszerző osztály --- kémelhárítás --- inlichtingendienst --- шпионажа --- шпионаж --- szpiegostwo --- kémkedés --- espionaje --- spionage --- espionnage --- controspionaggio --- šnipinėjimas --- κατασκοπία --- vakoilu --- vohunjenje --- шпијунажа --- spionaj --- salakuulamine --- spjunaġġ --- špionáž --- Spionage --- spiegošana --- spiunazh --- espionagem --- špijunaža --- vyzvědačství --- систем за електронско прислушување --- ECHELON-System --- ešelons --- špehování --- σύστημα Echelon --- spionaaž --- Echelon (afluister- en onderscheppingssysteem) --- Echelon --- Échelon --- Ешелон --- Echelon-kémrendszer --- ECHELON --- lehallgatás --- satelit --- satelita --- satélite --- δορυφόρος --- Satellit --- satellit --- satelliit --- szatellit --- palydovas --- сателит --- satelliet --- družica --- satelliitti --- družice --- pavadonis --- satellita --- satailít --- вештачки сателит --- aplikovaná družice --- сателити за набљудување --- umelá družica --- природен сателит --- satellite artificiel --- man-made satellite --- сателит во геостационарна орбита --- artificial satellite --- комуникациски сателити --- kunstig planet --- vědecká družice --- фиксни сателитски услуги --- künstlicher Satellit --- satélite artificial --- geostacionární družice --- dirbtinis palydovas --- műhold --- mākslīgais pavadonis --- сателити за навигација --- umělá družice --- τεχνητός δορυφόρος --- človekom zhotovená družica --- satelit artificial --- technologická družice --- подвижни сателитски системи --- umjetni satelit --- метеоролошки сателити --- vojenská družice --- tehissatelliit --- nieuwe technologie --- ny teknik --- új technológia --- нова технология --- nowe technologie --- jauna tehnoloģija --- nuova tecnologia --- nova tecnologia --- nová technológia --- nueva tecnología --- teknologji e re --- nouvelle technologie --- nová technologie --- uus tehnoloogia --- uusi teknologia --- tehnologie avansată --- neue Technologie --- teknoloġija ġdida --- нова технологија --- νέες τεχνολογίες --- nova tehnologija --- ny teknologi --- naujoji technologija --- moderná technológia --- alta tecnologia --- Spitzentechnologie --- neuartige Technologie --- tecnología avanzada --- technique de pointe --- fejlett technológia --- advanced technology --- Hightech --- advanced technique --- kõrgtehnoloogia --- avanceret teknik --- alta tecnología --- progresivní technologie --- high-tech --- korszerű technika --- forkantteknologi --- teknikë e përparuar --- arenenud tehnoloogia --- spetsteknik --- špičková technika --- högt utvecklad teknik --- hoch entwickelte Technik --- arenenud tehnika --- high technology --- technologie avancée --- tecnologia de ponta --- висока технологија --- tecnologia di punta --- tecnica d'avanguardia --- avancerad teknik --- tecnologia nova --- geavanceerde technologie --- tecnología punta --- csúcstechnológia --- napredna tehnologija --- hoogontwikkelde technologie --- tecnica di punta --- speerpunttechnologie --- kehittynyt teknologia --- högteknologi --- teknologji e lartë --- τεχνολογία αιχμής --- pažangioji technika --- напредна технологија --- attīstīta tehnoloģija --- korkea teknologia --- højteknologi --- προηγμένη τεχνολογία --- technologie nouvelle --- augstās tehnoloģijas --- модерна технологија --- tehnică avansată --- haute technologie --- spitstechnologie --- tecnologia avanzata --- high tech --- aukštoji technologija --- attīstīta metode --- înaltă trhnologie --- spjutspetsteknik --- špičková technologie --- visoka tehnologija --- korszerű technológia --- moderná technika --- pažangioji technologija --- kehittynyt tekniikka --- fortgeschrittene Technologie --- tecnologia avançada --- hightech --- υψηλή τεχνολογία --- suvremena povijest --- historia contemporánea --- samtidshistoria --- sodobna zgodovina --- Geschichte der Gegenwart --- istorie contemporană --- storia contemporanea --- hedendaagse geschiedenis --- soudobá historie --- nykyhistoria --- súčasné dejiny --- lähiajalugu --- šiuolaikinė istorija --- História Contemporânea --- samtidshistorie --- legújabb kori történelem --- σύγχρονη ιστορία --- histori bashkëkohore --- storja kontemporanja --- съвременна история --- jauno laiku vēsture --- histoire contemporaine --- historia współczesna --- современа историја --- савремена историја --- tegenwoordige tijd --- età contemporanea --- gegenwärtige Epoche --- современа епоха --- историја на новата ера --- nutidshistoria --- historie současnosti --- nykyaika --- σύγχρονη εποχή --- nutidshistorie --- современа ера --- Gegenwartsgeschichte --- σύγχρονα χρόνια --- nutid --- nieuwste geschiedenis --- epoka bashkëkohore --- jelenkor --- Idade Contemporânea --- актуелна историја --- âge contemporain --- contemporary era --- suvremena era --- Edad Contemporánea --- nüüdisaeg --- současná historie --- samtid --- époque contemporaine --- šiuolaikinė era --- Space security --- Defense contracts --- Electronic surveillance --- Capitalism --- Market economy --- Economics --- Profit --- Capital --- Electronics in surveillance --- SIGINT (Electronic surveillance) --- Signals intelligence --- Surveillance, Electronic --- Remote sensing --- Military contracts --- War contracts --- Public contracts --- Private military companies --- Research and development contracts, Government --- E-books --- bagairt don tslándáil náisiúnta --- seirbhís rúnda --- spiaireacht --- stair chomhaimseartha --- nuatheicneolaíocht