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Following the 15-year civil war that started in 1975, Lebanon's government began the difficult task of economic stabilization and confidence building, on the one hand, and postwar reconstruction and development, on the other. The government led the reconstruction effort by formulating programs that aimed to rapidly rehabilitate the country's severly damaged infrastructure in preparation for private-sector-led growth over the medium term. At the same time, Lebanon introduced an exchange-rate-based nominal anchor policy to stabilize expectations and cut inflation. This paper analyzes the government's progress with the policies adopted.

Economic policy and planning (general) --- Lebanon --- European Union --- dette publique --- finances publiques --- liban --- politique economique --- politique fiscale --- situation economique --- taux d'interet --- Reconstruction --- -Economic stabilization --- -Finance, Public --- -Fiscal policy --- -Interest rates --- -Debts, Public --- -330.05 --- 330.95692 --- Debts, Government --- Government debts --- National debts --- Public debt --- Public debts --- Sovereign debt --- Debt --- Bonds --- Deficit financing --- Money market rates --- Rate of interest --- Rates, Interest --- Interest --- Tax policy --- Taxation --- Economic policy --- Finance, Public --- Cameralistics --- Public finance --- Currency question --- Adjustment, Economic --- Business stabilization --- Economic adjustment --- Stabilization, Economic --- openbare schuld --- openbare financien --- libanon --- economisch beleid --- fiscaal beleid --- economische toestand --- rentevoeten --- Government policy --- Economic policy. --- Economic conditions --- -Statistics. --- Debts, Public --- Economic stabilization --- Fiscal policy --- Interest rates --- 330.05 --- E.U. --- Public finances --- Liban --- République libanaise --- Libanon --- Lubnān --- Libanan --- Livan --- Mont-Liban (Turkey : Mutaṣarrifīyah) --- Jabal Lubnān (Turkey : Mutaṣarrifīyah) --- Levanon --- Líbano --- Livanos --- Grand Lebanon --- Grand Liban --- Lebanese Republic --- Jumhūrīyah al Lubnānīyah --- Jumhouriya al-Lubnaniya --- Republic of Lebanon --- لبنان --- جمهورية اللبنانية --- Ліван --- Ліванская Рэспубліка --- Livanskai︠a︡ Rėspublika --- Ливан --- Република Ливан --- Republika Livan --- Λίβανος --- Δημοκρατία του Λιβάνου --- Dēmokratia tou Livanou --- Jumhūrīyyah al-Lubnānīyyah --- 레바논 --- לבנון --- רפובליקה הלבנונית --- Republiḳah ha-Levanonit --- Либан --- Либанска Република --- Libanska Republika --- レバノン --- Rebanon --- レバノン共和国 --- Rebanon Kyōwakoku --- Ливанская Республика --- Республіка Ліван --- Respublika Livan --- Ліванська Республика --- Livansʹka Respublyka --- Levonen --- 黎巴嫩 --- Libanen --- Banks and Banking --- Exports and Imports --- Investments: General --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- General Financial Markets: General (includes Measurement and Data) --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Trade: General --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Public finance & taxation --- International economics --- Investment & securities --- Banking --- Finance --- Treasury bills and bonds --- Revenue administration --- Expenditure --- Government debt management --- Financial institutions --- Public financial management (PFM) --- Government securities --- Revenue --- Expenditures, Public --- Banks and banking

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This paper analyzes the recent behavior of real exchange rates, the trade balance and the net foreign asset position of the United States in an intertemporal optimizing model of the world economy that incorporates heterogeneity across countries and imperfect international capital and good markets. While the model successfully tracks the dynamics of trade balances and net foreign assets it generates too much consumption smoothing and excessively volatile relative prices. Resolving these inadequacies simultaneously is difficult as the elasticity of substitution between tradables and nontradables affects in opposite ways the degree of consumption smoothing and the volatility of relative prices.

Banks and Banking --- Consumption --- Currency --- Economics --- Exports and Imports --- External position --- Finance --- Financial services --- Foreign assets --- Foreign currency exposure --- Foreign exchange market --- Foreign Exchange --- Foreign exchange --- Government and the Monetary System --- Interest rates --- Interest Rates: Determination, Term Structure, and Effects --- International economics --- International Investment --- Investments, Foreign --- Long-term Capital Movements --- Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance: Forecasting and Simulation --- Macroeconomics --- Macroeconomics: Consumption --- Monetary economics --- Monetary Systems --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Money --- National accounts --- Open Economy Macroeconomics --- Payment Systems --- Real exchange rates --- Real interest rates --- Regimes --- Saving --- Standards --- Wealth --- United States

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Following the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1992, several low-income countries in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) accumulated substantial external debt in a short time span, about half of which is owed to multilateral financial institutions. Three factors contributed to the current debt burden. First, the initial years of transition brought large systemic economic disruptions, loss of transfers from the center and collapse of trade relations among Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) countries, and negative terms of trade shocks. Second, fiscal and other reforms, and consequently, growth revival, took longer than expected. Third, overoptimism by multilaterals contributed to the high debt levels. If external financial assistance, which was needed because of high social costs of the transition, had come in the form of grants in the first two or three years of the transition, the debt burden would have been lower and sustainable.

Debts, External --- Debts, External. --- Debts, Foreign --- Debts, International --- External debts --- Foreign debts --- International debts --- Debt --- International finance --- Investments, Foreign --- Exports and Imports --- Current Account Adjustment --- Short-term Capital Movements --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- International economics --- External debt --- Current account deficits --- Current account balance --- Current account --- Current account imbalances --- Balance of payments --- United States

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This paper examines the importance of credit market shocks in driving global business cycles over the period 1988:1-2009:4. We first estimate common components in various macroeconomic and financial variables of the G-7 countries. We then evaluate the role played by credit market shocks using a series of VAR models. Our findings suggest that these shocks have been influential in driving global activity during the latest global recession. Credit shocks originating in the United States also have a significant impact on the evolution of world growth during global recessions.

Credit. --- Financial crises. --- Crashes, Financial --- Crises, Financial --- Financial crashes --- Financial panics --- Panics (Finance) --- Stock exchange crashes --- Stock market panics --- Crises --- Borrowing --- Finance --- Money --- Loans --- Econometrics --- Inflation --- Macroeconomics --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Production and Operations Management --- Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General --- Macroeconomics: Production --- Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles: General (includes Measurement and Data) --- Price Level --- Deflation --- Time-Series Models --- Dynamic Quantile Regressions --- Dynamic Treatment Effect Models --- Diffusion Processes --- Monetary economics --- Economic growth --- Econometrics & economic statistics --- Credit --- Productivity --- Business cycles --- Vector autoregression --- Industrial productivity --- Prices --- United States

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Building public support for climate mitigation is a key prerequisite to making meaningful strides toward implementing climate mitigation policies and achieving decarbonization. Using nationally representative individual-level surveys for 28 countries, this note sheds light on the individual characteristics and beliefs associated with climate risk perceptions and preferences for climate policies.

Environmental economics. --- Environmental policy. --- Climate change --- Climate policy --- Climate --- Climatic changes --- Currency crises --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Economic sectors --- Economics of specific sectors --- Economics --- Economics: General --- Emissions trading --- Environment --- Environmental Conservation and Protection --- Environmental Economics --- Environmental economics --- Environmental Economics: Government Policy --- Environmental policy & protocols --- Environmental Policy --- Environmental policy --- Financial crises --- Foreign Exchange --- Global Warming --- Greenhouse gas emissions --- Greenhouse gases --- Informal Economy --- Informal sector --- Macroeconomics --- Natural Disasters and Their Management --- Underground Econom --- United States