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The consideration of time or dynamics is fundamental for all aspects of mental activity--perception, cognition, and emotion--because the main feature of brain activity is the continuous change of the underlying brain states even in a constant environment. The application of nonlinear dynamics to the study of brain activity began to flourish in the 1990s when combined with empirical observations from modern morphological and physiological observations. This book offers perspectives on brain dynamics that draw on the latest advances in research in the field. It includes contributions from both theoreticians and experimentalists, offering an eclectic treatment of fundamental issues. Topics addressed range from experimental and computational approaches to transient brain dynamics to the free-energy principle as a global brain theory. The book concludes with a short but rigorous guide to modern nonlinear dynamics and their application to neural dynamics.

Brain --- Nonlinear Dynamics. --- Cerveau --- physiology. --- Physiologie --- Nonlinear Dynamics --- Non-linear Dynamics --- Non-linear Models --- Chaos Theory --- Models, Nonlinear --- Chaos Theories --- Dynamics, Non-linear --- Dynamics, Nonlinear --- Model, Non-linear --- Model, Nonlinear --- Models, Non-linear --- Non linear Dynamics --- Non linear Models --- Non-linear Dynamic --- Non-linear Model --- Nonlinear Dynamic --- Nonlinear Model --- Nonlinear Models --- Theories, Chaos --- Theory, Chaos --- Fractals --- physiology --- Dynamics. --- Physiology. --- Dynamical systems --- Kinetics --- Mathematics --- Mechanics, Analytic --- Force and energy --- Mechanics --- Physics --- Statics --- Physiologie. --- Nonlinear theories. --- NEUROSCIENCE/General --- Nonlinear problems --- Nonlinearity (Mathematics) --- Calculus --- Mathematical analysis --- Mathematical physics

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Although nonlinear dynamics have been mastered by physicists and mathematicians for a long time (as most physical systems are inherently nonlinear in nature), the recent successful application of nonlinear methods to modeling and predicting several evolutionary, ecological, physiological, and biochemical processes has generated great interest and enthusiasm among researchers in computational neuroscience and cognitive psychology. Additionally, in the last years it has been demonstrated that nonlinear analysis can be successfully used to model not only basic cellular and molecular data but also complex cognitive processes and behavioral interactions. The theoretical features of nonlinear systems (such unstable periodic orbits, period-doubling bifurcations and phase space dynamics) have already been successfully applied by several research groups to analyze the behavior of a variety of neuronal and cognitive processes. Additionally the concept of strange attractors has lead to a new understanding of information processing which considers higher cognitive functions (such as language, attention, memory and decision making) as complex systems emerging from the dynamic interaction between parallel streams of information flowing between highly interconnected neuronal clusters organized in a widely distributed circuit and modulated by key central nodes. Furthermore, the paradigm of self-organization derived from the nonlinear dynamics theory has offered an interesting account of the phenomenon of emergence of new complex cognitive structures from random and non-deterministic patterns, similarly to what has been previously observed in nonlinear studies of fluid dynamics. Finally, the challenges of coupling massive amount of data related to brain function generated from new research fields in experimental neuroscience (such as magnetoencephalography, optogenetics and single-cell intra-operative recordings of neuronal activity) have generated the necessity of new research strategies which incorporate complex pattern analysis as an important feature of their algorithms. Up to now nonlinear dynamics has already been successfully employed to model both basic single and multiple neurons activity (such as single-cell firing patterns, neural networks synchronization, autonomic activity, electroencephalographic measurements, and noise modulation in the cerebellum), as well as higher cognitive functions and complex psychiatric disorders. Similarly, previous experimental studies have suggested that several cognitive functions can be successfully modeled with basis on the transient activity of large-scale brain networks in the presence of noise. Such studies have demonstrated that it is possible to represent typical decision-making paradigms of neuroeconomics by dynamic models governed by ordinary differential equations with a finite number of possibilities at the decision points and basic heuristic rules which incorporate variable degrees of uncertainty. This e-book has include frontline research in computational neuroscience and cognitive psychology involving applications of nonlinear analysis, especially regarding the representation and modeling of complex neural and cognitive systems. Several experts teams around the world have provided frontline theoretical and experimental contributions (as well as reviews, perspectives and commentaries) in the fields of nonlinear modeling of cognitive systems, chaotic dynamics in computational neuroscience, fractal analysis of biological brain data, nonlinear dynamics in neural networks research, nonlinear and fuzzy logics in complex neural systems, nonlinear analysis of psychiatric disorders and dynamic modeling of sensorimotor coordination.

fMRI --- fractal analysis --- Cognitive neuroscience --- EEG --- Experimental neuroscience --- non-linear dynamics --- Neuropsychology --- applied neuroscience

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Over the last decades, assessment of heart rate variability (HRV) has increased in various fields of research. HRV describes changes in heartbeat intervals, which are caused by autonomic neural regulation, i.e. by the interplay of the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems. The most frequent application of HRV is connected to cardiological issues, most importantly to the monitoring of post-myocardial infarction patients and the prediction of sudden cardiac death. Analysis of HRV is also frequently applied in relation to diabetes, renal failure, neurological and psychiatric conditions, sleep disorders, psychological phenomena such as stress, as well as drug and addiction research including alcohol and smoking. The widespread application of HRV measurements is based on the fact that they are noninvasive, easy to perform, and in general reproducible – if carried out under standardized conditions. However, the amount of parameters to be analysed is still rising. Well-established time domain and frequency domain parameters are discussed controversially when it comes to their physiological interpretation and their psychometric properties like reliability and validity, and the sensitivity to cardiovascular properties of the variety of parameters seems to be a topic for further research. Recently introduced parameters like pNNxx and new dynamic methods such as approximate entropy and detrended fluctuation analysis offer new potentials and warrant standardization. However, HRV is significantly associated with average heart rate (HR) and one can conclude that HRV actually provides information on two quantities, i.e. on HR and its variability. It is hard to determine which of these two plays a principal role in the clinical value of HRV. The association between HRV and HR is not only a physiological phenomenon but also a mathematical one which is due to non-linear (mathematical) relationship between RR interval and HR. If one normalizes HRV to its average RR interval, one may get ‘pure’ variability free from the mathematical bias. Recently, a new modification method of the association between HRV and HR has been developed which enables us to completely remove the HRV dependence on HR (even the physiological one), or conversely enhance this dependence. Such an approach allows us to explore the HR contribution to the clinical significance of HRV, i.e. whether HR or its variability plays a main role in the HRV clinical value. This Research Topic covers recent advances in the application of HRV, methodological issues, basic underlying mechanisms as well as all aspects of the interaction between HRV and HR.

Heart Rate --- Autonomic Function --- sympathetic and vagal control --- baroreflex mechanisms --- heart rate turbulence --- spectral analysis --- Sudden cardiac death --- Heart rate variability --- non-linear methods

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Divorce rates are at an all-time high. But without a theoretical understanding of the processes related to marital stability and dissolution, it is difficult to design and evaluate new marriage interventions. The Mathematics of Marriage provides the foundation for a scientific theory of marital relations. The book does not rely on metaphors, but develops and applies a mathematical model using difference equations. The work is the fulfillment of the goal to build a mathematical framework for the general system theory of families first suggested by Ludwig Von Bertalanffy in the 1960s.The book also presents a complete introduction to the mathematics involved in theory building and testing, and details the development of experiments and models. In one "marriage experiment," for example, the authors explored the effects of lowering or raising a couple's heart rates. Armed with their mathematical model, they were able to do real experiments to determine which processes were affected by their interventions.Applying ideas such as phase space, null clines, influence functions, inertia, and uninfluenced and influenced stable steady states (attractors), the authors show how other researchers can use the methods to weigh their own data with positive and negative weights. While the focus is on modeling marriage, the techniques can be applied to other types of psychological phenomena as well.

Marriage --- Marital psychotherapy. --- Marriage. --- Models, Theoretical. --- Nonlinear Dynamics. --- Marital Therapy. --- Mathematical models. --- Psychological aspects. --- Therapy, Marital --- Therapy, Marriage --- Marriage Therapy --- Marital Therapies --- Marriage Therapies --- Therapies, Marital --- Therapies, Marriage --- Non-linear Dynamics --- Non-linear Models --- Chaos Theory --- Models, Nonlinear --- Chaos Theories --- Dynamics, Non-linear --- Dynamics, Nonlinear --- Model, Non-linear --- Model, Nonlinear --- Models, Non-linear --- Non linear Dynamics --- Non linear Models --- Non-linear Dynamic --- Non-linear Model --- Nonlinear Dynamic --- Nonlinear Model --- Nonlinear Models --- Theories, Chaos --- Theory, Chaos --- Experimental Model --- Experimental Models --- Mathematical Model --- Model, Experimental --- Models (Theoretical) --- Models, Experimental --- Models, Theoretic --- Theoretical Study --- Mathematical Models --- Model (Theoretical) --- Model, Mathematical --- Model, Theoretical --- Models, Mathematical --- Studies, Theoretical --- Study, Theoretical --- Theoretical Model --- Theoretical Models --- Theoretical Studies --- Arranged Marriage --- Commonlaw Marriage --- Consensual Union --- Consummation of Marriage --- Dowry --- Husband-Wife Comparisons --- Intermarriage --- Marriage Age --- Marriage Duration --- Marriage Patterns --- Marriage Postponement --- Mate Selection --- Multiple Marriages --- Nuptiality --- Polygamy --- Polygyny --- Remarriage --- Same-Sex Marriage --- Marital Relationship --- Age, Marriage --- Ages, Marriage --- Arranged Marriages --- Commonlaw Marriages --- Comparison, Husband-Wife --- Comparisons, Husband-Wife --- Consensual Unions --- Dowries --- Duration, Marriage --- Husband Wife Comparisons --- Husband-Wife Comparison --- Intermarriages --- Marital Relationships --- Marriage Ages --- Marriage Consummation --- Marriage Consummations --- Marriage Pattern --- Marriage Postponements --- Marriage, Arranged --- Marriage, Commonlaw --- Marriage, Same-Sex --- Marriages --- Marriages, Arranged --- Marriages, Commonlaw --- Marriages, Multiple --- Marriages, Same-Sex --- Mate Selections --- Postponement, Marriage --- Postponements, Marriage --- Relationship, Marital --- Relationships, Marital --- Remarriages --- Same Sex Marriage --- Same-Sex Marriages --- Selection, Mate --- Selections, Mate --- Union, Consensual --- Unions, Consensual --- Marital therapy --- Marriage psychotherapy --- Married life --- Matrimony --- Wedlock --- Fractals --- Computer Simulation --- Systems Theory --- Family psychotherapy --- Couples therapy --- Marriage counseling --- Love --- Sacraments --- Betrothal --- Courtship --- Families --- Home --- Honeymoons --- COGNITIVE SCIENCES/Psychology/Cognitive Psychology --- Marital psychotherapy --- Mathematical models --- Psychological aspects

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Masonry is a construction material that has been used throughout the years as a structural or non-structural component in buildings. Masonry can be described as a composite material made up of different units and diverse types of arrangements, with or without mortar, that is used in many ancient public buildings, as well as with the latest technologies being applied in construction. Research in multiple relevant fields, as well as crossing structural with non-structural needs, is crucial for understanding the qualities of existent buildings and to develop new products and construction technologies. This book addresses and promotes the discussion related to the different topics addressing the use of masonry in the construction sciences and in practice, including theory and research, numerical approaches and technical applications in new works, and repair actions and interventions in the built environment, connecting theory and application across topics from academia to industry.

artificial neural network --- n/a --- regional constructive cultures --- neural networks --- cracks in shells --- infilled frames --- seismic assessment --- no-fines lightweight concrete --- unreinforced load-bearing masonry --- Nepal earthquake --- dynamic --- survey damage assessment --- masonry infills and partitions --- old urban center --- in situ test campaign --- repair costs due to infills --- static analysis --- AEM --- non-linear analysis --- mechanical properties --- numerical modelling --- granite masonry --- high-rise reinforced concrete structure --- damage analysis --- seismic rehabilitation --- structural restoration --- strengthening --- stone masonry --- masonry infill walls --- masonry characterization --- hysteresis --- ambient vibration test --- weak mortar --- seismic actions --- masonry --- bilinear approximation --- load-bearing masonry walls --- database --- flat-jack testing --- masonry shell --- Greco-Roman construction --- seismic retrofitting --- stone masonry wallets --- linear and non-linear numerical tools --- foundation settlement --- RC buildings --- observed performance --- capacity curve --- heritage construction --- masonry building --- shear-sliding tests --- post-earthquake surveys --- strengthening intervention --- wall