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The Special Issue of the journal Diagnostics entitled “Challenges and Advances in Tuberculosis and Mycobacterial Lung Diseases” encompasses research articles, case presentations, and literature reviews concerning the epidemiology, medical surveillance, as well as diagnostic and therapeutic challenges in tuberculosis (TB) and in the infections caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM ). The articles present the current status of knowledge concerning the use of molecular tests and genotyping of M. tuberculosis for the rapid identification of MDR and XDR clones, the advances in the identification of NTM and their differentiation to the species level, as well as clinical studies performed in TB and NTM risk groups. In addition, a summary of current recommendations concerning diagnosis and treatment of tuberculous pericarditis is presented.

Public health & preventive medicine --- Gordonia bronchialis --- microbiological diagnostics --- respiratory infection --- Mycobacterium tuberculosis --- drug resistance --- XDR-tuberculosis --- household TB transmission --- tuberculous pericarditis --- extrapulmonary tuberculosis --- pericarditis --- constrictive pericarditis --- tuberculosis --- abscess --- scrofula --- head and neck --- epiglottis --- larynx --- airway --- mycobacteria --- surgical drainage --- FluoroType MTBDR --- molecular --- isoniazid --- rifampin --- bacillus Calmette-Guerin --- bladder cancer immunotherapy --- BCGosis --- BCG pulmonary infection --- severe respiratory insufficiency --- nontuberculous mycobacterium --- lung cancer --- surgery --- nontuberculous mycobacteria --- cystic fibrosis --- chest computed tomography --- Beijing-TB --- Beijing-like genotype --- Mycobacterium chimaera --- nontuberculous mycobacterial disease --- silicosis --- extracorporeal membrane oxygenation --- COVID-19 pandemic --- spoligotyping --- Poland --- human immunodeficiency virus --- acquired immunodeficiency syndrome --- chest imaging --- rapidly growing mycobacteria --- antimicrobial resistance --- broth microdilution --- minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)