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Divisor theory in module categories

Commutative rings. --- Categories (Mathematics) --- Modules (Algebra) --- Divisor theory. --- Ideals (Algebra) --- Finite number systems --- Modular systems (Algebra) --- Algebra --- Finite groups --- Rings (Algebra) --- Category theory (Mathematics) --- Algebra, Homological --- Algebra, Universal --- Group theory --- Logic, Symbolic and mathematical --- Topology --- Functor theory

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For hundreds of years, the study of elliptic curves has played a central role in mathematics. The past century in particular has seen huge progress in this study, from Mordell's theorem in 1922 to the work of Wiles and Taylor-Wiles in 1994. Nonetheless, there remain many fundamental questions where we do not even know what sort of answers to expect. This book explores two of them: What is the average rank of elliptic curves, and how does the rank vary in various kinds of families of elliptic curves? Nicholas Katz answers these questions for families of ''big'' twists of elliptic curves in the function field case (with a growing constant field). The monodromy-theoretic methods he develops turn out to apply, still in the function field case, equally well to families of big twists of objects of all sorts, not just to elliptic curves. The leisurely, lucid introduction gives the reader a clear picture of what is known and what is unknown at present, and situates the problems solved in this book within the broader context of the overall study of elliptic curves. The book's technical core makes use of, and explains, various advanced topics ranging from recent results in finite group theory to the machinery of l-adic cohomology and monodromy. Twisted L-Functions and Monodromy is essential reading for anyone interested in number theory and algebraic geometry.

L-functions. --- Monodromy groups. --- Functions, L --- -L-functions. --- Group theory --- -Number theory --- L-functions --- Monodromy groups --- Abelian variety. --- Absolute continuity. --- Addition. --- Affine space. --- Algebraically closed field. --- Ambient space. --- Average. --- Betti number. --- Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture. --- Blowing up. --- Codimension. --- Coefficient. --- Computation. --- Conjecture. --- Conjugacy class. --- Convolution. --- Critical value. --- Differential geometry of surfaces. --- Dimension (vector space). --- Dimension. --- Direct sum. --- Divisor (algebraic geometry). --- Divisor. --- Eigenvalues and eigenvectors. --- Elliptic curve. --- Equation. --- Equidistribution theorem. --- Existential quantification. --- Factorization. --- Finite field. --- Finite group. --- Finite set. --- Flat map. --- Fourier transform. --- Function field. --- Functional equation. --- Goursat's lemma. --- Ground field. --- Group representation. --- Hyperplane. --- Hypersurface. --- Integer matrix. --- Integer. --- Irreducible component. --- Irreducible polynomial. --- Irreducible representation. --- J-invariant. --- K3 surface. --- L-function. --- Lebesgue measure. --- Lefschetz pencil. --- Level of measurement. --- Lie algebra. --- Limit superior and limit inferior. --- Minimal polynomial (field theory). --- Modular form. --- Monodromy. --- Morphism. --- Numerical analysis. --- Orthogonal group. --- Percentage. --- Polynomial. --- Prime number. --- Probability measure. --- Quadratic function. --- Quantity. --- Quotient space (topology). --- Representation theory. --- Residue field. --- Riemann hypothesis. --- Root of unity. --- Scalar (physics). --- Set (mathematics). --- Sheaf (mathematics). --- Subgroup. --- Summation. --- Symmetric group. --- System of imprimitivity. --- Theorem. --- Trivial representation. --- Zariski topology.

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"Modular forms are tremendously important in various areas of mathematics, from number theory and algebraic geometry to combinatorics and lattices. Their Fourier coefficients, with Ramanujan's tau-function as a typical example, have deep arithmetic significance. Prior to this book, the fastest known algorithms for computing these Fourier coefficients took exponential time, except in some special cases. The case of elliptic curves (Schoof's algorithm) was at the birth of elliptic curve cryptography around 1985. This book gives an algorithm for computing coefficients of modular forms of level one in polynomial time. For example, Ramanujan's tau of a prime number P can be computed in time bounded by a fixed power of the logarithm of P. Such fast computation of Fourier coefficients is itself based on the main result of the book: the computation, in polynomial time, of Galois representations over finite fields attached to modular forms by the Langlands program. Because these Galois representations typically have a nonsolvable image, this result is a major step forward from explicit class field theory, and it could be described as the start of the explicit Langlands program. The computation of the Galois representations uses their realization, following Shimura and Deligne, in the torsion subgroup of Jacobian varieties of modular curves. The main challenge is then to perform the necessary computations in time polynomial in the dimension of these highly nonlinear algebraic varieties. Exact computations involving systems of polynomial equations in many variables take exponential time. This is avoided by numerical approximations with a precision that suffices to derive exact results from them. Bounds for the required precision--in other words, bounds for the height of the rational numbers that describe the Galois representation to be computed--are obtained from Arakelov theory. Two types of approximations are treated: one using complex uniformization and another one using geometry over finite fields. The book begins with a concise and concrete introduction that makes its accessible to readers without an extensive background in arithmetic geometry. And the book includes a chapter that describes actual computations"-- "This book represents a major step forward from explicit class field theory, and it could be described as the start of the 'explicit Langlands program'"--

Galois modules (Algebra) --- Class field theory. --- Algebraic number theory --- Galois module structure (Algebra) --- Galois's modules (Algebra) --- Modules (Algebra) --- Arakelov invariants. --- Arakelov theory. --- Fourier coefficients. --- Galois representation. --- Galois representations. --- Green functions. --- Hecke operators. --- Jacobians. --- Langlands program. --- Las Vegas algorithm. --- Lehmer. --- Peter Bruin. --- Ramanujan's tau function. --- Ramanujan's tau-function. --- Ramanujan's tau. --- Riemann surfaces. --- Schoof's algorithm. --- Turing machines. --- algorithms. --- arithmetic geometry. --- arithmetic surfaces. --- bounding heights. --- bounds. --- coefficients. --- complex roots. --- computation. --- computing algorithms. --- computing coefficients. --- cusp forms. --- cuspidal divisor. --- eigenforms. --- finite fields. --- height functions. --- inequality. --- lattices. --- minimal polynomial. --- modular curves. --- modular forms. --- modular representation. --- modular representations. --- modular symbols. --- nonvanishing conjecture. --- p-adic methods. --- plane curves. --- polynomial time algorithm. --- polynomial time algoriths. --- polynomial time. --- polynomials. --- power series. --- probabilistic polynomial time. --- random divisors. --- residual representation. --- square root. --- square-free levels. --- tale cohomology. --- torsion divisors. --- torsion.

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The original goal that ultimately led to this volume was the construction of "motivic cohomology theory," whose existence was conjectured by A. Beilinson and S. Lichtenbaum. This is achieved in the book's fourth paper, using results of the other papers whose additional role is to contribute to our understanding of various properties of algebraic cycles. The material presented provides the foundations for the recent proof of the celebrated "Milnor Conjecture" by Vladimir Voevodsky. The theory of sheaves of relative cycles is developed in the first paper of this volume. The theory of presheaves with transfers and more specifically homotopy invariant presheaves with transfers is the main theme of the second paper. The Friedlander-Lawson moving lemma for families of algebraic cycles appears in the third paper in which a bivariant theory called bivariant cycle cohomology is constructed. The fifth and last paper in the volume gives a proof of the fact that bivariant cycle cohomology groups are canonically isomorphic (in appropriate cases) to Bloch's higher Chow groups, thereby providing a link between the authors' theory and Bloch's original approach to motivic (co-)homology.

Bundeltheorie --- Cohomology [Sheaf ] --- Faisceaux [Théorie des ] --- Sheaf cohomology --- Sheaf theory --- Sheaves (Algebraic topology) --- Sheaves [Theory of ] --- Théorie des faisceaux --- Algebraic cycles --- Homology theory --- Algebraic cycles. --- Homology theory. --- Cohomology theory --- Contrahomology theory --- Algebraic topology --- Cycles, Algebraic --- Geometry, Algebraic --- Abelian category. --- Abelian group. --- Addition. --- Additive category. --- Adjoint functors. --- Affine space. --- Affine variety. --- Alexander Grothendieck. --- Algebraic K-theory. --- Algebraic cycle. --- Algebraically closed field. --- Andrei Suslin. --- Associative property. --- Base change. --- Category of abelian groups. --- Chain complex. --- Chow group. --- Closed immersion. --- Codimension. --- Coefficient. --- Cohomology. --- Cokernel. --- Commutative property. --- Commutative ring. --- Compactification (mathematics). --- Comparison theorem. --- Computation. --- Connected component (graph theory). --- Connected space. --- Corollary. --- Diagram (category theory). --- Dimension. --- Discrete valuation ring. --- Disjoint union. --- Divisor. --- Embedding. --- Endomorphism. --- Epimorphism. --- Exact sequence. --- Existential quantification. --- Field of fractions. --- Functor. --- Generic point. --- Geometry. --- Grothendieck topology. --- Homeomorphism. --- Homogeneous coordinates. --- Homology (mathematics). --- Homomorphism. --- Homotopy category. --- Homotopy. --- Injective sheaf. --- Irreducible component. --- K-theory. --- Mathematical induction. --- Mayer–Vietoris sequence. --- Milnor K-theory. --- Monoid. --- Monoidal category. --- Monomorphism. --- Morphism of schemes. --- Morphism. --- Motivic cohomology. --- Natural transformation. --- Nisnevich topology. --- Noetherian. --- Open set. --- Pairing. --- Perfect field. --- Permutation. --- Picard group. --- Presheaf (category theory). --- Projective space. --- Projective variety. --- Proper morphism. --- Quasi-projective variety. --- Residue field. --- Resolution of singularities. --- Scientific notation. --- Sheaf (mathematics). --- Simplicial complex. --- Simplicial set. --- Singular homology. --- Smooth scheme. --- Spectral sequence. --- Subcategory. --- Subgroup. --- Summation. --- Support (mathematics). --- Tensor product. --- Theorem. --- Topology. --- Triangulated category. --- Type theory. --- Universal coefficient theorem. --- Variable (mathematics). --- Vector bundle. --- Vladimir Voevodsky. --- Zariski topology. --- Zariski's main theorem. --- 512.73 --- 512.73 Cohomology theory of algebraic varieties and schemes --- Cohomology theory of algebraic varieties and schemes

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In 1970, Phillip Griffiths envisioned that points at infinity could be added to the classifying space D of polarized Hodge structures. In this book, Kazuya Kato and Sampei Usui realize this dream by creating a logarithmic Hodge theory. They use the logarithmic structures begun by Fontaine-Illusie to revive nilpotent orbits as a logarithmic Hodge structure. The book focuses on two principal topics. First, Kato and Usui construct the fine moduli space of polarized logarithmic Hodge structures with additional structures. Even for a Hermitian symmetric domain D, the present theory is a refinement of the toroidal compactifications by Mumford et al. For general D, fine moduli spaces may have slits caused by Griffiths transversality at the boundary and be no longer locally compact. Second, Kato and Usui construct eight enlargements of D and describe their relations by a fundamental diagram, where four of these enlargements live in the Hodge theoretic area and the other four live in the algebra-group theoretic area. These two areas are connected by a continuous map given by the SL(2)-orbit theorem of Cattani-Kaplan-Schmid. This diagram is used for the construction in the first topic.

Hodge theory. --- Logarithms. --- Logs (Logarithms) --- Algebra --- Complex manifolds --- Differentiable manifolds --- Geometry, Algebraic --- Homology theory --- Algebraic group. --- Algebraic variety. --- Analytic manifold. --- Analytic space. --- Annulus (mathematics). --- Arithmetic group. --- Atlas (topology). --- Canonical map. --- Classifying space. --- Coefficient. --- Cohomology. --- Compactification (mathematics). --- Complex manifold. --- Complex number. --- Congruence subgroup. --- Conjecture. --- Connected component (graph theory). --- Continuous function. --- Convex cone. --- Degeneracy (mathematics). --- Diagram (category theory). --- Differential form. --- Direct image functor. --- Divisor. --- Elliptic curve. --- Equivalence class. --- Existential quantification. --- Finite set. --- Functor. --- Geometry. --- Hodge structure. --- Homeomorphism. --- Homomorphism. --- Inverse function. --- Iwasawa decomposition. --- Local homeomorphism. --- Local ring. --- Local system. --- Logarithmic. --- Maximal compact subgroup. --- Modular curve. --- Modular form. --- Moduli space. --- Monodromy. --- Monoid. --- Morphism. --- Natural number. --- Nilpotent orbit. --- Nilpotent. --- Open problem. --- Open set. --- P-adic Hodge theory. --- P-adic number. --- Point at infinity. --- Proper morphism. --- Pullback (category theory). --- Quotient space (topology). --- Rational number. --- Relative interior. --- Ring (mathematics). --- Ring homomorphism. --- Scientific notation. --- Set (mathematics). --- Sheaf (mathematics). --- Smooth morphism. --- Special case. --- Strong topology. --- Subgroup. --- Subobject. --- Subset. --- Surjective function. --- Tangent bundle. --- Taylor series. --- Theorem. --- Topological space. --- Topology. --- Transversality (mathematics). --- Two-dimensional space. --- Vector bundle. --- Vector space. --- Weak topology.